Presentation slides from the spring and fall conferences are now available to all registered attendees with password access. WebBOSTON, MA (December 15, 2011) The National Academy of Sciences Institute of Medicine (IOM) today released results of their nine-month long study, called for by the NIH, to investigate the current and future need for chimpanzees in research. [39] On June 11, 2013, FWS proposed changing the policy and opened a public comment period. Research using all vertebrate animals, including NHPs, and the characteristics of the facilities that house and breed animals are regulated in North America (Griffin and Locke 2016; Tardif et al. , Walker C, Lemon S. Liu Today, NNEVS offers two conferences annually to provide medical professionals an opportunity to earn 5 CMEs at EACH conference and operates as a non-profit organization for scientific or educational purposes. Project R&R is committed to continuing to raise awareness and secure the release of all chimpanzees remaining in U.S. labs into sanctuary. The ability to readily sequence individual animals has prompted the champions of this technology to suggest large-scale sequencing of many more animals, particularly rhesus at the NPRCs (Bimber et al. MA endobj [47], NEAVS supports using alternatives to animals in research, testing, and education, and promotes in vitro, epidemiological, and clinical study data as more predictive for humans. Department of Health, Office of Newborn Screening. McGinley Highly visible organizations, such as the Humane Society of the United States (http://www.humanesociety.org/) and the New England Anti-Vivisection Society (http://www.neavs.org/), called here, for shorthand, animal rights organizations, actively oppose animal-based research. Supplies of marmosets can be increased rapidly relative to macaques, because of the relatively short generation time of marmosets and the fact that pregnancies usually result in twins rather than singletons. However, although clinical studies remain a central focus of human medical research, and the use of alternatives is increasing, there is still an over-reliance on the use of animals in research. Examples include studies of several visual abnormalities (Mustari 2017), development of HIV/AIDS vaccines and therapeutics (Van Rompay 2017; Veazey and Lackner 2017), and therapies for tuberculosis (Foreman et al. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. Arrays have also been developed to aid in aspects of colony management, such as testing for parentage or geographic origin (Kanthaswamy et al. . 2015), and animals with genetically encoded calcium indicators that can be used for imaging neural activity in vivo (Park et al. (2016). , Pinto da Silva S, Townend D, Sandoe P. Park [46], NEAVS' Common Ground initiative includes two initial campaigns incorporating support for women in science and environmental stewardship with its animals in research mission. DG Fish and Wildlife Service Proposes Protection for All Chimpanzees Captive and Wild as Endangered", "NIH must retire chimpanzees to sanctuary", "Petition for Rulemaking: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services", "Agency Moves to Retire Most Research Chimps", "Announcement of Agency Decision: Recommendations on the Use of Chimpanzees in NIH-Supported Research", "Ethical Science Education Coalition (ESEC)", "Common Ground: Animals, Women, Environment", "Humane Science the Focus of Feline Meeting", "The Chimps Hear the Good News: IOM Concludes 'chimpanzees [are] not necessary', Project R&R: Release and Restitution for Chimpanzees in U.S. Labs, American Fund for Alternatives to Animal Research (AFAAR), Animal rights in Jainism, Hinduism, and Buddhism, List of international animal welfare conventions, Moral status of animals in the ancient world, University of California, Riverside 1985 laboratory raid, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, Animal Defence and Anti-Vivisection Society, Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals, Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes, An Introduction to Animals and Political Theory, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_England_Anti-Vivisection_Society&oldid=1146938653, Animal welfare organizations based in the United States, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using infobox organization with motto or pledge, Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 27 March 2023, at 21:39. The USA is the only significant user of chimpanzees in biomedical research in the world, since many Productive breeding colonies were rapidly reestablished at the recipient NPRCs, suggesting a relative lack of stress on macaques and marmosets caused by movement among centers. , Thomas DW, Craighead JL, Economides C, Rosenthal J. Hewitt NHPs are particularly relevant because of their highly developed cerebral cortex, cognitive functions, complex motor skills, and neuroanatomy, all of which are similar to the human. In the context of NHP-based studies, it is important to note that centers such as the NPRCs maintain very detailed computerized animal records that include many of these data. WebThe NADL (later renamed the National Animal Disease Center, or NADC) contained research and regulatory laboratories. CRISPR/Cas9-based approaches make it possible to rather easily modify virtually any gene, or to create inactivated or deleted genes (knockouts) or to introduce genes of interest into the genome (knockins). , Liesz A. Manolio [40][41][30], In 2000, the Chimpanzee Health Improvement, Maintenance, and Protection (CHIMP) Act was signed into law, authorizing the retirement of chimpanzees in research who were "not needed". "[5], In anticipation of his retirement, Amory appointed a nominating committee that chose psychologist and former NEAVS board member, Theodora Capaldo, EdD, to succeed him. The preclinical research essential for meeting these goals requires use of NHP preclinical Some basic discoveries may be obtained from studies using rodents (reviewed by Zubari and Lutz 2016) and other models, such as zebrafish (Danio rario), fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster), and nematodes (Caenorhabditis elegans) (reviewed by Strange (2017)). The New England Anti-Vivisection Society (NEAVS) is a national, registered 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization "dedicated to ending the use of animals in research, testing, and science education" and replacing them with "modern alternatives that are ethically, 2.6 Protection of chimpanzees from biomedical research; 3 Current campaigns. endobj They note that NHPs are particularly useful preclinical models because of their genetic similarity to humans, size, and the relatively faster rate of development of CVD compared to humans. There are many examples of all of these uses of NHP genomic sequences in the literature, and I expect that the use of genomic sequences will increase markedly in the future. Capitanio ESEC is a proponent of dissection choice legislation and policies which provide students the right to choose alternatives to animal use in their education. [25] In 2004 after the bill was vetoed by Governor Mitt Romney, who said that the decision should be made by the Massachusetts Department of Education,[26][27] ESEC's continued advocacy led the State Board of Education to issue a policy in 2005 allowing students to choose alternatives to dissection. The baboon sequence, while not yet published, is available from public databases (reviewed in Harding 2017). An example is the transfer of macaques and marmosets from the New England NPRC to four other NPRCs when the New England Center closed in 2015. Monroe, C. Baird, J. Peterson, A. Mast, M. Manco-Johnson, M. Stobb, S. Sindi, A. Fogelson, K. Leiderman, K.B. The rhesus macaque, which is the species most frequently used by academic investigators in the United States, can be obtained from the NPRCs, CROs, and other US centers, with reasonable waiting times. [43], On June 26, 2013, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) announced it would move forward with plans to retire almost 90% of its chimpanzees to sanctuary. NHPs are often used in conjunction with other animal models, such as rodents, and results obtained using NHPs must often be used as the final criterion for establishing the potential efficacy of a pharmaceutical or vaccine before transition to human clinical trails. Matthew Banks and colleagues review many of the preclinical studies aimed at understanding the etiology of substance abuse disorders (drug addiction) and developing therapies using preclinical animal models, particularly NHPs. Lanford These necessary components of NHP-based research usually require housing animals in large centers, each of which can harbor more than 1000 (often 40005000 or more) animals because of the expense and complexity of husbandry. , Locke P. Veazey Therefore, NHPs are usually a critical component in translational research projects aimed at developing therapeutics, vaccines, devices or other interventions aimed at preventing, curing or ameliorating human disease. One solution that has been proposed to meet acute, high-demand situations is to maintain modestly sized reserve colonies of macaques that can be used specifically to deal with sudden increases in demand due to emerging pathogens. . Sanctuaries funded in the past include Animals Asia Foundation, Chimp Haven, Fauna Foundation, and Save the Chimps. (2016) and Bimber et al. % Bonnie Mathieson and Jean Patterson (Office of AIDS Research). Michelle Wade, Continuing Education Coordinator. Capaldo and her newly elected board of directors came with extensive animal protection and animal rights experience and have included individuals with medical, veterinary, psychology, mental health, sociology, and legal credentials, such as Sarah Luick, Esq., a founding member of the Animal Legal Defense Fund (ALDF). (2008). [51][52], NEAVS is also the U.S. Executive Office for Cruelty Free International, founded by the British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection (BUAV). This report contains brief comments on some aspects of the use of NHPs for translational research and concludes: The NIH remains confident that the oversight framework for the use of nonhuman primates in research is robust and has provided sufficient protections to date. A more detailed report published by the Scientific Committee on Health, the Environment and Emerging Risks of the European Union (The SCHEER Report) discusses the same conclusion from the European perspective, and, in addition, provides information about several aspects of the use of NHPs for translational research (SCHEER 2017). 2016). This effort was accompanied by an innovative use of the internet to report the details of experiments in real time before publication, as an aid to other investigators. In 1981 NEAVS and its sister organization the American Fund for Alternatives to Animal Research (AFAAR) funded research at Tufts University Medical School for an alternative to the Draize test,[10][11] which applies chemicals such as pesticides, household products, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics to the eyes of rabbits. Together, NEAVS and AFAAR have funded alternatives to common animal testing procedures such as the LD50 and Draize test for toxicity. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. Z Michael Mustari reviews the use of NHP models aimed at understanding the causes of and ameliorating conditions that lead to blindness or lack of visual acuity in humans, including problems of eye alignment (strabismus), lazy eye (amblyopia), unsteady gaze (nystagmus), and defective eye movements. Efforts aimed at more extensive phenotyping of NHPs will be facilitated by the existing capability for imaging and behavioral testing already present at the NPRCs and elsewhere in the research community. Project R&R achieved its goal for a worldwide end to harmful, invasive, and lethal research on all great apes in the U.S.the largest holding of chimpanzees for use in research in the world. , Zheng Y, Kang Y, Yang W, Niu Y, Guo X, Tu Z, Si C, Wang H, Xing R, Pu X, Yang SH, Li, S, Ji W, Li XJ. Over the past several years, a modest number of publications have provided high-quality reviews of the use of NHPs for translational research, including papers by Capitanio and Emborg (2008), Belmonte et al. , Ramakrishnan R, Cervera-Juanes R, Madhira R, Peterson SM, Norgren RBJr, Ferguson B. Capitanio More than a decade later, roughly 900 chimpanzees remained in U.S. labs and the vast majority were not being used. Chimpanzees have also been moved by truck from various centers to the Chimp Haven sanctuary within the United States, as mandated by the NIH (Reardon 2015), following a complex review process that involved, among others, the US National Academy of Medicine and the NIH Council of Councils and Directors Office with input from researchers and stakeholders. The New England Anti-Vivisection Society, founded in 1895, works to expose and replace animal experiments in laboratories and classrooms with ethically and scientifically responsible modern alternative research methods. 2010). [16], In 1985, NEAVS began funding Bjorn Ekwall, PhD, chairman of the Cytotoxicology Laboratory (CTLU) in Sweden,[17] a laboratory which designs and validates alternatives to animal research, to develop an in vitro method of toxicology testing capable of replacing the LD50 test,[18][19] which assesses substance toxicity based on the dose that kills 50% of animals in the test. The NIH policy announcement also goes on to suggest "inadequate inclusion of female cells and animals in experiments and inadequate analysis of data by sex may well contribute to the troubling rise of irreproducibility in preclinical biomedical research." WebMission. , Mehra S, Lackner A, Kaushal D. Griffin Scientists Burch and Russell created the 3Rs: reduction, refinement and replacement to further anti-vivisection. Marr, K.B. [21], In 2000 collaboration between NEAVS and Tufts University's Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine led Tufts to become the first U.S. veterinary school without a terminal lab requirement, a procedure where students train on live animals before euthanizing them. John D. Harding, PhD, recently retired after several years of service at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland, where he was program officer for grants funding the US National Primate Research Centers. , Lackner A. Xia G Begley Cynomolgus macaques are imported from Asia and provided to academic and industrial investigators by CROs. WebNEW ENGLAND ANtI-VIVISECtIoN SoCIEtY Phone: Fax: Email: 617.523.6020 617.523.7925 info@neavs.org presidents Annual Message support to end chimpanzee use in biomedical research, our work has, as importantly, set the stage for arguments regard-ing the use of all species. This is, however, a highly nuanced issue. , Zhang XF, Choi SH, Okahara J, Sasaki E, Silva AC. , Li W, Lai X, Chen H, Huang O, Kang XZ, Li K, Ren J, Lin X, Zheng H, Huang W, Ma Y, Xu D, Chen Z, Song X, Lin X, Zhuang M, Wang T, Zhuang F, Xi J, Mao FF, Xia H, Lahn BT, Zhou Q, Yang S, Xiang AP. M.J. Osmond, E. Korthals, C.J. . They discuss a number of studies in which the physiological features related to endocrine and metabolic studies in nonobese animals have been translated from original findings in rodents to the more relevant NHP model. Arrowsmith <>>> , Li X, Zhang JT, Cai YJ, Cheng TL, Cheng C, Wang Y, Zhang CC, Nie YH, Chen ZF, Bian WJ, Zhang L, Xiao J, Lu B, Zhang YF, Zhang XD, Sang X, Wu JJ, Xui X, Xiong ZQ, Zhang F, Yu XGong M, Zjou WH, Sun Q, Qiu Z. Llovera In 2016, a white paper published by the National Association for Biomedical Research briefly discussed scientific breakthroughs that required the use of NHPs (National Association for Biomedical Research 2016). The purpose of mentioning them is to acknowledge that there are potential alternatives to NHPs and other animal models. WebNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH reported its two largest programs on its FY 2020 Form 990 as: $802,445 Spent in most recent FY 66% Percent of program endobj If the three-stage model of human translational research is used as a reference (Rubio et al. Neeves. [7], Today, NEAVS continues its work through public outreach, education, legislation and policy change, supporting animal sanctuaries, and funding the development of alternatives to animals in research and science education.[9]. The authors emphasize many different aspects of this topic, including effects of genetics, epigenetics, and diet on CVD; the relationship of infectious disease and CVD, as exemplified by studies of Chagas disease; and the use of stem cell-based technologies to develop NHP preclinical models. In contrast, the demand for rhesus and cynomolgus macaques has been relatively constant over the past several years. Smaller colonies of the new world marmoset (Callithrix jaccus) are also housed at the NPRCs. Web (NHPs) . Mustari Project R&R successfully led the charge to end the use of chimpanzees in U.S. biomedical research and testing. Can new tools and technology improve translational power? R These data are now expected for publications that describe rodent-based experiments. WebNeavs Profile and History Project R&R is committed to continuing to raise awareness and secure the release of all chimpanzees remaining in U.S. labs into sanctuary. 2016): (1) characterization of gene content and organization of the experimental animal species in comparison to humans, to understand the potential use of an animal model to study a specific human disease or genetic condition; (2) analysis of genetic variation in individual animals to identify potential mutant NHPs that can be developed as models of specific human diseases; (3) development of genome arrays that can be used for mapping studies that identify potential disease genes, or more generally, for identifying Quantitative Trait Loci, genomic regions that contain disease genes (Cox 2013); (4) development of arrays or other assays that can be used to stratify the population of animals to be used as experimental subjects to enhance the accuracy of preclinical studies and to reduce animal numbers needed for translational studies. Chimpanzees are the only animal model that can be used to test strategies for prevention or amelioration of Hepatis B and C and are the most useful model for Hepatitis A. These approaches, whether whole genome sequencing or alternatives, are likely to primarily identify Mendelian (single gene) mutations but are less likely to identify the great majority of genetic variants that contribute to complex diseases, such as cardiovascular conditions, which are caused by several genes (each of which contributes a low probability of risk to disease). . Others, like dogs and cats, are bought from random source animal dealers or acquired through pound seizure. The authors point out that there are still important medical issues regarding Hepatitis, such as the development of curative therapies for chronic Hepatitis B, as opposed to the successful development of vaccines to thwart new infections, and the development of a vaccine for Hepatitis C, as opposed to the successful development of antivirals. Robert Lanford and colleagues provide an in-depth review of the history and continuing issues around the use of chimpanzees to ameliorate these three forms of hepatitis, which are caused by three different, unrelated viruses. In these 3 Rs alternative successful approaches to testing consumer products have been created. (2017) have reported sequencing of several additional rhesus, which can be used to further refine the rhesus genome assembly and allow new inferences about rhesus genome organization and potential for identifying disease genes in captive populations. These authors discuss many aspects of preclinical studies using NHPs, including the necessity for having the proper containment facilities, and the ability to study the effects of co-morbidities such as infection by simian immunodeficiency virus (leading potentially to simian AIDS), long-term exposure to alcohol, and diabetes. They summarize data for disorders associated with ovarian and uterine function and deleterious conditions associated with pregnancy. . [3], When Clement became president in 1911, his journalistic expertise boosted both public awareness of vivisection and membership in the organization. Thus, there must be a parallel effort to accomplish more sophisticated NHP phenotyping in large numbers of animals. The ability to transport NHPs by air has changed dramatically in the past several years. [13][14] This work resulted in the first and strongest anti-pound seizure law in the U.S.[15] As of 2013, 18 states had banned pound seizure. John D Harding, Nonhuman Primates and Translational Research: Progress, Opportunities, and Challenges, ILAR Journal, Volume 58, Issue 2, 2017, Pages 141150, https://doi.org/10.1093/ilar/ilx033. Monroe, A.L. WebContact Who is Neavs Headquarters 333 Washington St Ste 850, Boston, Massachusetts, 02108, United States Phone Number (617) 523-6020 Website www.releasechimps.org , Raboin MJ, Letaw J, Nevonen KA, Spindel JE, McCouch SR, Cervera-Juanes R, Spindel E, Carbone L, Ferguson B. Bimber For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com, Laboratory Codes in Nomenclature and Scientific Communication (Advancing Organism Nomenclature in Scientific Communication to Improve Research Reporting and Reproducibility), ILAR: A Retrospective and Prospective Look, History of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicines Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, History of the International Council for Laboratory Animal Science, International Standardized Nomenclature for Outbred Stocks of Laboratory Animals, About the Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, The Critical Role of NHPs in Translational Research, National Association for Biomedical Research 2016, https://www.cnprc.ucdavis.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/NIH-NHP-Workshop-Report.pdf, https://www.mdanderson.org/research/departments-labs-institutes/programs-centers/michale-e-keeling-center-for-comparative-medicine-and-research.html, http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/02/nih-review-its-policies-all-nonhuman-primate-research, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.100412, https://fbresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/NHP-White-Paper-Print-08-22-16.pdf, https://www.oar.nih.gov/strategic_plan/fy2018/OAR_18_StrategicPlan_P10_508.pdf, http://www.nature.com/news/nih-to-retire-all-research-chimpanzees-1.18817, https://ec.europa.eu/health/sites/health/files/scientific_committee/scheer/docs/scheer_o_004.pdf, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, Copyright 2023 Institute for Laboratory Animal Research.
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