For the Kankanaey language, see, A Kankanaey chief from the town of Suyoc, in. The first type is generally for the prosperous members of the community, while the apa and the allao are for the less well-off. Manila: National Commission for Culture and the Arts. These influences include the location of the burials . Soon after the ouster of Marcos in 1986, the new president Corazon Aquino signed a peace pact with the Cordillera Peoples Liberation Army (CPLA), an armed group that aimed for regional autonomy founded on the institutionalization of the bodong or peace pact. Kankana-ey. Cordillera Administrative Region. Common fabric designs among the northern Kankanaey are the tiktiko, matmata, sopo, and kulibangbang. Luisa. The man offers firewood to the father of the woman, while the woman offers firewood to the mans father. The Mankayan Kankana-eys, however, has no clear distinction between the baknang and the abiteg and all have equal access to resources such as the copper and gold mines. Most of their income comes from tilling the fields. But the Organic Acts enacted by Congress that would have transformed Cordillera into an autonomous region were rejected in the January 1990 and March 1998 plebiscites. Many of the stories are anchored on biblical passages presented in text and voice-over, either at the beginning or end of each film. There are no windows, except for a small opening in the roof serving as a smoke vent. Stone is used as pavement around the house. Other buildings include the granary ( agamang ), male clubhouse ( dap-ay or abong ), and female dormitory ( ebgan ). . The color of this material may be blue and white or red, with dark blue designs and red-and-yellow stripes. Hunting and fishing have been severely affected because of the continuing denudation of the once vast timberlands of the Cordillera forests. What the Kankanaey do have are the sudsud, short tales which are recounted in gatherings of adults, or when they are working in the fields during harvest time, doing work at home or around the house yard, or even when just relaxing in their leisure time. Though married, the bride and groom are not allowed to consummate their marriage and must remain separated until such a time that they move to their own separate home. During the Spanish colonial period, they were recruited as district presidente or village konsehal and, upon retirement, earned the title kapitan. The girls are considered better practitioners of this musical art than the boys. The kadangyan, nevertheless, have remained leading figures in Kankanaey society. The young man then informed the womans parents about their decision. 2014. There are also female mediums called mangengey. -A wedding is celebrated with big feasts and many rituals done before and Finally, the Kankana-ey are one of the few tribes who still practice a way of living more common in the old days, although is fast disappearing as well. The day-eng are what could be considered the equivalent of legends and fables. These songs are about contemporary conditions, such as the isolation of Kankanaey youth who grow up in urban centers away from their parents community and culture. The tiktiko are either zigzag patterns representing mountains and forests, or crisscross patterns depicting rice mortars. Chickens are also sold for needed cash. Original prints of his photographs are in the Bontoc Museum, National Museum of the Philippines, Smithsonian Institute in the United States, and the National Gallery of Australia. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 17th ed. The lalakays word carried weight in community life, although not all elderly persons in a village could be acknowledged as a respected elderly person. There are part-time or seasonal occupations for carpenters, who receive wages for work done. Most of the Kankanaey songs produced were country music songs, until recently when younger generation Kankanaey musicians began producing Kankanaey rock songs. Sugarcane and tobacco used to be cultivated for domestic consumption but with the shift to cash economy, most fields are now planted with fruits and vegetables for commercial sale. They must have performed acts of merit, made wise decisions, and led traditional rituals during their lifetimes. This sleeping place might be a house not being used by a regular household. There has been greater upwardas well as downwardmobility in Kankanaey society. The third was given the power of issuing commands, and his descendants became known as the Merkanos. Tapey is served to the dancers, who perform in big circles, shuffling, sliding, and hopping. The staple foods of the Kankanaey are camote, rice, potatoes, and other root crops like tugi and gabi. National Economic and Development Authority. They also hunt and fish small fishes and eel which is a special delicacy when cooked. . The women, on the other hand, wear a tapis, a skirt wrapped around to cover from the waist to the knees held together by a belt (bagket) or tucked in the upper edges usually color white with occasional dark blue color. Batawa (Front Yard), a well-known song by Juanito Cadangen, uses the melody of John Denvers Walk in the Rain to illustrate the unrequited love caused by differences in social status. Wild animal meat such as deer, boar, civet cats and lizards are salted and dried under the sun to preserve it. 1996. http://car.neda.gov.ph/. This leaderand each village had onewas keeper of the agricultural calendar and master of ceremonies in community and at-ato observances. Legleg is performed to improve the growth of the plants. A whole village or a family financially capable of throwing a feast takes responsibility for the holding of big and elaborate rites. The mountain farmer Delnagen courted her, but Bangan politely rejected him. Most of the northern Kankanaey are located in the southwestern part of Mountain Province and inhabit the municipalities of Besao, Sagada, Tadian, Bauko, and Sabangan. The getap is kept in place with a inandolo, also called wakes and bakget, a belt 7.5 to 15 centimeters wide, made of tightly woven cotton yarn and wound twice around the waist. Protestantism, military service, and education created a new Igorot identity for the Kankanaey and the other Cordillera people, especially those who comprised the new educated elite. Ore veins are excavated, then crushed using a large flat stone (gai-dan). Dap-ay was also a name used to refer to it. The daing are songs that are performed during a solemn sacrifice. But this parental arrangement can be set aside anytime by the children when they come of age. The carabao, although the principal work animal, is occasionally slaughtered for extravagant family and community feasts. Days later, after Annusan had finished his work on his farm, he worried about Delnagen and paid him a visit. Formal political leadership is a modern-day phenomenon, and it comes in the form of bureaucratic placement in the national-local government system. These are good substitutes for rice that could be sliced into thin pieces and added to rice before cooking (kineykey) mixing the sweetness when the rice cooks. However, the more ancient northern Kankanaey were called Lepanto Igorot by the Spanish colonizers. Like the Ibaloi (the other group of Benguet Igorot), the Southern Kankanaey are also called Benguet. The themes of the day-eng would either be tragic, heroic, or comic. The opening of the western flank of the Cordillera set into motion acculturative processes that would have a great impact on succeeding historical periods. Gold Mining in Benguet to 1898. Philippine Studies 48 (4): 455-487. The northern and southern Kankanaey are physically and culturally alike, with similar institutions, beliefs, and practices. Occupying the southeast are the Ibaloy who speaks the Nabaloy, a linguistic sound nearer to the Pangasinenses. The rites observed in connection with the agricultural cycle are deemed indispensable because the whole success of planting and harvesting, that is, survival itself, may depend entirely on such observance. It is reserved only for distinguished or honorable leaders of the community. There are three main house types: the binangiyan, the apa or inapa, and the allao. [9], The Southern Kankana-eys have a long process for courtship and marriage which starts when the man makes his intentions of marrying the woman known to her. The southern Kankanaey are found in the municipalities of Mankayan, Bakun, Kibungan, Buguias, and the upper half of Kapangan in Benguet. The soft-speaking Kankanaeys come from Northern and some parts of Benguet and from the municipalities of Sabangan, Tadian and Bauko in Mountain Province. They are part of the collective group of indigenous people known as the Igorot people . The Spaniards went up the Cordillera in search of the fabled gold. While holding up the stone, he or she calls out the names of various spirits. When displeased, these spirits cause stomach aches in human beings. Their society is divided into two social classes based primarily on the ownership of land: The rich (baknang) and the poor (abiteg or kodo). These spirits react angrily whenever people trespass on their territory. The tattoos on the mummies are often highly individualized, covering the arms of female adults and the whole body of adult males. Almost half of the 88 sections of the Philippine Bill of 1902, or the Organic Act, pertained to mining. They speak Kankanaey with hard intonation and they differ in some words from the soft-speaking Kankanaey. More affluent Kankanaey farmers use motorized farm implements, but the carabao-drawn plow is still used by others, and manual labor is employed in building and repairing the terraces, planting, weeding, and harvesting the rice and vegetable fields. The daday are songs that are sung at the outskirts of the village. Its roof drops down to about 1.5 meters from the ground, thus covering the house cage from view. The mamade might decide to seek the counsel of the manabig in making certain decisions. The mens headcloth is called the badbad or bedbed, made of either abel or kuba (bark). A History of the Mountain Province by Howard T. Fry . Philippine Mythology. Kankanaey wedding culture What are their dances? ]: Department of Education Culture and Sports and Center for Integrative and Development Studies. There is an opening to one side leading to a narrow passageway that is protected by a sliding door. These productions have similar themes as those produced by VVM, but other groups have ventured into generic themes that do not particularly take up matters of ethnic identity. Even under the old system of parental arrangement, the Kankanaey rarely enter into a parental agreement when the children are still below the age at which they can make their own choices. They practice parental marriage. The songs included in these films have also been widely patronized. Balangbang is the modern word for Pattong. Spanish control, wielded through the force of arms and proselytization, eventually set in. A series of more expeditions were led by Pangasinan Governor Captain Garcia Aldana y Cabrera in 1620, Sergeant Major Antonio Carreo in 1623, and Governor Alonso Fajardo in 1624. The usual Kankanaey woven cloth is narrow, about 4.5 meters wide and 2.1 meters long. Annusan turned trees into pigs and boulders into carabaos for the wedding feast, a grand and prolonged caao. Keesing, Felix M. 1968. The Ibaloi occupy the lower and more developed areas of the province, including the Baguio . The terms have no definite etymological derivation. The everyday getap is white with indigo-blue bands. Apayao Life and Legends. Through gold trade, the kadangyan expanded their land, increased their wealth, and wielded influence on the lower classes. There is no more pure Southern Kankana-ey culture because of culture change that modified the customs and traditions of the people. The indigenous peoples of the area (the Kankana-ey, who are collectively referred to as Igorot) have a long burial practice. Lumawig was displeased and decided to return to the sky, taking with him half of his offsprings body that included the head and leaving the other half with his wife. (Baltengs excrement the nail cannot dent. Nobody is allowed to leave at anytime throughout the day, to prevent loss of luck.. In a way, leadership was exercised by the manpudpud because they directed the actions of people and mandated the proper social activities to be undertaken so that social harmony could be restored through the banishment of illness. The Ibaloy are an ethnic group indigenous to Baguio and the surrounding environs, which include the majority of Benguet, the Pangasinan mountains, La Union, and Nueva Vizcaya. Only after this will the other workers begin the planting of the rest of the seedlings. That is why you see a chair hanging by the coffins as it . They are part of the collective group of indigenous people known as the Igorot people. The parents may decide to allot a piece of land for them to cultivate and to enable them to live apart. However, these mainstream films have only perpetuated stereotypes of Igorot communities, including the Kankanaey. These processes actually began with Spanish colonial exactions before the 20th century, as well as with the introduction of new diseases and epidemics, hence requiring frequent propitiatory ritual sacrifices, which drained the old kadangyans economic resources. But as Annusan was performing the wedding dance, an enraged Delnagen came and attacked him. Santos, Soliman, Jr., and Paz Verdades Santos. The song is a dialogue between the women of the village and a girl, an outsider, who has come to marry a boy from the village. Vanoverbergh, Morice. There is also a tale that speaks of the origin of the human race: First, the gods made two people out of earth. The living room is upstairs, which is also the sleeping and dining area. The term is related to the Bontok ato, designating the place where elders gather to discuss community matters. Tayaw is another dance performed for the same purpose, accompanied by the offering of sacrificial pigs to Kabunian. His life as an art photographer began in 1933, when he got hold of a Kodak camera. The kadangyan occupy the topmost rank as hereditary aristocrats by virtue of their landholdings, capacity to conduct ritual activities, and other evidence of material wealth. A pakde or begnas serves to appease him. Eduardo Masferre and the Phillippine Cordillera. Philippine Studies 42 (3): 336351. Desirous of a peaceful and bountiful life, the Kankanaey utter the words Itunin sang kabunayen (Thank you, Kabunian) at every fortuitous turn of events (Demetrio et al. At the beginning, the VVM was a one-man outfit, with Dangpa performing most of the tasks of film production. Pansejew (gold panning) was done by the women along the Agno, Bued, Suyoc, and Ammburayan Rivers, with the use of a sadjewan, a rectangular pan that strains the water to separate the gold dust. The Culture of the Bontoc Igorot by Carmencita Cawed (1972). They have not been studied by archaeologists, so the exact age of the coffins is unknown, though they are believed to be centuries old. Located in Eastern Kalinga are the Dakalan, Gaang, Lubo, Majukayong, Mangali, and Taloktok culture groups. Many religions have narratives, symbols, traditions and sacred histories that are intended to give meaning to life or to explain the origin of life or the universe. Dulawan, Lourdes S. 2001. The owner of the field cuts a handful of rice stalks and recites a prayer asking for a bountiful crop. Proof is the extensiveness of their rice terraces, which must have taken a considerable period to build. The Kankanaey's major dances include tayaw, pattong and balangbang. Rattan, which used to grow in abundance in forests surrounding Kankanaey villages, is still available and provides the basket makers one of two primary materialsthe other being bamboofor executing intricate, creative, and meticulous designs on their baskets. This is made of several broad planks laid together above the ground, instead of stone blocks set on the earth. It became a woman. These are of various types: Baknao, in which the diviner makes use of a coconut shell filled with water. Imagining th Igorot in Vernacular Films Produced in the Cordillera. The Cordillera Review 2 (2): 81-118. The at-ato, as it flourished in northern Kankanaey society, was a subvillage grouping that mediated between the village unit and the house unit. The bandala, worn by the men, is a dark blue blanket with white lines. National Economic and Development Authority. Its lyrics are set to the melody of Brian Whites Someone Elses Star.. With equipment and funds donated by supporters, Dangpa produced films in partnership with local Protestant churches in Buguias, whose members served as volunteer crew members and talents. Benguet: Dependency Ratio Down by Four Persons. NSO website, 26 April. They worship ancestors (anitos) and nature spirits. Otherwise, it was a separate place built exclusively for this purpose. Regional Map of the Philippines. Other minor gods and the ailments they bring include liblibayan, spirits who cause pains in the abdomen; an-antipakao, spirits who create reddish spots all over the body; penten, spirits who cause accidental death; and kakading, souls of the dead who cause colds, headaches, or fever. [3], The 2010 Philippines census counted 362,833 self-identifying Kankanaey and 67,763 self-identifying Applai. Unfortunately, it has very little resources and . The people themselves stopped mining and kept the location of their gold mines a secret. Demetrio, Francisco, Gilda Cordero-Fernando, and Fernando Zialcita. [9], Gold and copper mining is abundant in Mankayan. He is also looked upon as the supreme master who taught humans everything they need to know for life, such as making fire, the cultivation of rice, and marriage rituals. Kankanaey songs contain not only rhythm and rhyme but also poetic expressions and terms that are not used in ordinary speech. The basic social unit of the Kankanaey is the family, which consists of the husband, wife, and their young children. Older generations of Kankanaey used to hunt deer and wild boar in forests, and catch eels and crabs in rivers. 2010. They only vary in naming them in their dialect. Like the poor Ifugaos abode, the apa has walls which are perpendicular to the ground, with the four main posts as corners. http://www.census.gov.ph/old/data/pressrelease/2002/pr0212tx.html. Here are three examples: (A taro at Kamaligan cannot be moistened by rain. During the bayas, the kadangyan appeals to his ancestral spirits for their continued support for his prosperity. They are very superstitious and believe that performing rituals and ceremonies help deter misfortunes and calamities. The parents then talk about the terms of the marriage, including the bride price to be paid by the mans family. The basic dance step consists of the stomping of the left foot. Some believe he is a son of a goddess. The Kankanaey are some of the best vegetable growers in the Philippines. Some of the producers of such music videos are Kankanaey overseas workers in Japan, whose songs speak of longing for home and the challenges of employment abroad. Crabs are also caught to make tengba, a gravy of pounded rice mixed with crabs, salted and placed in jars to age. Mankayans copper mines were opened to exploitation by a Spanish mining company. With the popularity of these films, other Kankanaey from Benguet and other ethnic groups in the Cordillera began making their own productions. Delnagen recovered and the two men were reconciled. [13], The Northern Kankana-eys honor their dead by keeping vigil and performing the rituals sangbo (offering of 2 pigs and 3 chickens), baya-o (singing of a dirge by three men), menbaya-o (elegy) and sedey (offering of pig). The leadership structure is largely based on land ownership, thus the more well-off control the community's resources. Gold buried in hard rock in Antamok, Acupan, and Balatoc, all in the Itogon area, were extracted through open pit mining called labon (tunnel mining) as far back as hundreds of years ago. An 18-year-old Kankanaey woman died of pneumonia a month after their arrival. The pakedlan is usually built by the manbunong at one end of the village. The site of the performance was Barangay Amilongan in the municipality of Alilem, Ilocos Sur. At the middle of these two extremes is an intermediate class of independent property holders called komidwa (second rank). The Spanish colonizers left the area, unable to maintain their outposts, and for almost 150 years, the northern Kankanaey were left in peace; what contact there was between the people of the highlands and the lowlands was indirect. Armed thus, she goes from place to place, even entering other peoples houses, as she tries to look for the sick persons wayward soul. There are no disc-shaped rat guards under the girders of the house. On the day of the feast, men with bolo and spears come out of their houses and proceed to the village borders, to put up barricades across all entrances. Simpler rites, mainly for the purpose of divining the causes of illness, are also observed. Near this village is a sacred grove of trees used as a place for ritual sacrifices or performances. Traditionally, the Kankanaey village was set on the hump of a hill whose elevation afforded a natural defensive advantage against neighboring groups. The courtship and marriage process of the Northern Kankana-eys starts with the man visiting the woman of his choice and singing (day-eng), or serenading her using an awiding (harp), panpipe (diw-as), or a nose flute (kalelleng). Llamzon, Teodoro A. Worcester, Dean C. 1906. During the precolonial up to the early 1900s, the kadangyan status among the Benguet Kankanaey was primarily based on ownership or control of gold mines. Furthermore, a socioeconomic class that can be described as newly rich has entered the picture. Should he merit the final approval of the girls parents through his conduct, and if the omens proved to be good, the wedding was set for solemnization at the girls house. From their union came the first people of the earth. Annusan revived him with a sponge bath, a massage, and a prayer. They portray people in the context of their Cordilleran lives: a Gaddang man garbed in traditional garments and warriors paraphernalia; a very wrinkled, old potter and her grandchild; women engaged in the various phases of rice-farming: planting, harvesting, or winnowing; cigar-smoking children and pipe-smoking adults; an overview of a farmer plodding in knee-high water in a rice paddy and pulling behind him four carabaos abreast of one another; intricately detailed tattoos on men and women; and, in a postmodern metacommentary, three men of different tribesButbut, Tinglayan, Kalingataking a close look at a camera. Scott, William Henry. Individuals belonging to different clans may become affiliated by marriage, for instance, to become part of a sin-aag-i, literally people with their relatives (Allen 1978, 76). The Lepanto Igorot perform this dance primarily during the harvest season. [7], The Northern Kankanaey or Applai live in Sagada and Besao, western Mountain province, and constitute a linguistic group. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. Respicio, Norma A. [8], For a living, the Northern Kankana-eys take part in barter and trade in kind, agriculture (usually on terraces), camote/sweet potato farming, slash-and-burn/swidden farming, hunting, fishing and food gathering, handicraft and other cottage industry.
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