You are NOT going to perform this experiment. Find sections related to potential energy, elasticity and springs. An elastic surface such as rubber and a very hard surface such as concrete will result the highest bounce level. This produces a different amount of response in the system. Several new questions may have occurred to you while doing experiments. Dependent variable is the height that the ball bounces. Be perfectly prepared on time with an individual plan. 8. The motion of the ball can be described using velocity, displacement, and acceleration graphs, or geometric sequences. Controlled Variables: Bouncy ball used, surface bounced off of, technique in which ball was dropped (initial height was measured from base of ball). Measuring the height to which the ball bounced on subsequent bounces would be interesting, seeing if h. A bouncing ball follows a projectile motion which is moving near the surface of the earth in a curved path due to the effect of gravity. GPE=Mass (kg) Gravitational Field Strength (N/Kg) Height (m). This did not happen in my experiment however. Belowis the graph of h1against h2. Drop a ball from 1 foot off of the floor, slightly in front of a yardstick. Materials: -Carbon Paper -Goggles -Golf Balls Temperature will not affect the balls bounce either as the experiment will be conducted at room temperature, thus not allowing the floor to get cold and in doing so alter its affect upon the ball on impact. Locate the peaks and record the time for each peak. The controlled variables in this experiment are the surface the ball is rolling on, the material the ball is made of, the size of the ball, the measuring devices being used, the distance the ball travels, and the method being used to release the ball each time, for example the position of the hand. The formula for kinetic energy is KE=1/2 mv 2 , where m is the mass in kg and v is the velocity in m/sec 2 . Is a bouncing ball an example of simple harmonic motion? Repeat your tests for each different type of bouncing surface and record the results in a table like this: Experiments are often done in series. Therefore any change to the height from which the ball starts with affects the height to which it bounces to. By the time the ball comes briefly to a stop, most of its missing energy has been stored in its dented surface. Constants: the same person takes all of the measurements, the same materials are used in every trial. Hold the ball at 6 feet height and release it on a hard concrete surface. Five repeats were done as it was deemed that an average of the middle three was reasonably accurate. The motion of the ball can be described using velocity, displacement, and acceleration Several balls, medium-sized super balls, hollow rubber balls, solid rubber balls, tennis balls, golf balls, baseballs, and whatever other types of balls are available. This therefore provides accurate and reliable results. The terminal speed is the maximum speed reached when an object is dropped from a great height. Sometimes variables are linked and work together to cause something. Figure 1. Changes in the area of linoleum floor tile that the ball collided with may have affected the height to which it bounced to thus producing variation between results. The acceleration due to gravity causes the ball to change direction and start moving downwards at stage 2. ball bounced 6 inches. (Their ideas might include surface texture, colour, size, what its made of, squashiness, opacity, weight, air pockets, temperature, cost, shininess/dullness, hardness/softness, age, layers of materials.) Perform this test in a Gym or anywhere else where you have a hard surface and an accessible wall. Use the same point on the ball (top) or (bottom) when judging both the height Independent: - Type of surface the tennis ball is dropped on. We also noted after we finished the experiment that the student taking measurements sometimes stood above the height when taking the measurement and sometimes kneeled on the floor so they had a different angle on the meter stick, which may have affected the measurement. stay constant, results in an increase in m g h, stay constant, results in a decrease in m g h, The surface onto which the ball is dropped will affect the height to which the ball bounces because for any two objects that collide, the properties of both determine the percentage of the kinetic energy either possesses approaching the collision that is conserved subsequent to the collision taking place (Coefficient to restitution) discounting the effects of air resistance. Writing Quality. At the point of maximum height, the ball momentarily has zero velocity, and the direction of velocity is changing from positive to negative. A series of experiments is made up of separate experimental runs. During each run you make a measurement of how much the variable affected the system under study. When the ball was dropped from the higher heights the ball began to show signs of reaching its terminal velocity before it reaches the ground. These inaccuracies could have been caused by external factors or parallax error even though efforts were made to avoid parallax error occurring - by dropping the ball one time that was not measured and placing a blob of blue tack onto the meter rule at the approximate height it bounced to. If you are new in doing science project, click on How to Start in the main page. The CoR can be measured directly by velocity measurements but often it is handier to measure the height of rise of the ball after it bounces relative to the height that it fell. We use the conservation of energy. This would allow the actual coefficient to restitution to be calculated. Does a ball bounce higher or lower in moon (Less Gravity), while all other conditions are constant? For example this is a sample explanation. The first thing to check is how you are making your measurements. B) If I heat up a tennis ball it will bounce high. We can go back to our table of velocities, square each one, then multiply by 1/ 2 * 0.044 kg to find the kinetic energy at each moment. In this project we will try to find out what factors affect the bounce of a dropped ball. The coefficient to restitution can be found out from a graph of, it follows the gradient of the graph change in h. . The more particles per cubic meter, the more drag acting upon the ball. So, we equate the potential energy and the kinetic energy. Several smooth hard flat horizontal surfaces suitable for bouncing ballsfloors, lab tables, sidewalks, and the like. The coefficient of restitution is the ratio of the final to the initial relative speed between two objects after they collide. Taking an average of several results creates a measurement in the middle of the variation created by the experiment, which is the result that is closest to the height that would be recorded for the balls bounce if it were measured in an experiment that was totally accurate. A decrease in m, assuming g and h1stay constant, results in a decrease in m g h1which results A decrease in m, assuming g and h1stay constant, results in a decrease in m g h1which results in a decrease in GPE. I called School Time and my husband and son came with me for the tour. There are three types of variables: Controlled Variables: You can have as many controlled variables as you like. Above this point the height all balls will bounce to will not be directly proportional to the height they are dropped from, but the increase in the height they bounce to will increase more slowly in proportion to the height they are dropped from compared to the increase between lower heights before the ball shows signs of approaching its terminal velocity before it hits the ground. If the common ratio of the sequence is between 0 and 1, then the term r would approach zero. This is Newtons Third Law of Motion- for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. Because the ball is softer than the floor, it does most of the denting and stores most of the energy. WebThere are many different variables that would affect the bounce height of a ball. For the lowest three points air resistance is approximately equal to zero due to the ball having a low velocity, as it was dropped from a low height, and therefore hits less air particles per second than a ball traveling at a faster speed. At 3ft, the basketball bounced 20 inches, the tennis ball bounced. CR can be found out by looking at a graph, the gradient, as a percentage of 1 gives the amount of energy conserved and therefore CRcan be found without knowing v22or v12. At 2ft, the basketball bounced 15 inches, the tennis ball bounced 12 inches, and the golf. What is the control variable in the bouncing ball experiment? WebThis experiment,is an investigation into the maximum height of the bounce of a ping pong ball when it is first released.This is because of the unpredictability of the bounce not always reaching the same height.This we can assume their are many factors effecting the bounce of the ping pong ball.The following experiment will determine how different Balls: Terminal Speed and Coefficient of Restitution. Additionally we were able to practice reading a lab, taking data and making a graph. This will hopefully discount any anomalies automatically and leave us with three accurate and reliable results. Choose one of the variables you listed in #4, and design an experiment to test it. Is a bouncing ball an example of oscillatory motion? If you choose to study on the effect of air pressure inside the ball, your variables will be defined like this: Independent variable (also known as manipulated variable) is the balls air pressure. WebControl Variable: Simple Definition. Apparatus:Clamp stand, meter rule 2, table tennis ball, desk. (The upward direction was assumed to be positive in this example. will differ from the height that the ball would have reached had it been dropped in a vacuum. As a general rule, when the ball is travelling in the positive direction (upwards), the velocity can be assumed to be positive. 2. This means that the higher h. will differ from the height that the ball would have reached had it been dropped in a vacuum. By the time it reaches the floor, the ball is traveling quickly and it hits the floor hard. As the ball has less KE and is travelling slower it becomes stationary faster at the top of its arc. WebThe main variables in a science experiment are the independent variable, the dependent variable and the control variables. WebThe Bounciest Ball Experiment Overview: In this lesson, students conduct a series of experiments with different balls to observe which bounce the highest and to see how they could make balls bounce higher. Hence the final answer is: \(\text{Total distance} = 2 \cdot S_n = 2 \cdot 9.6 m= 19.2m\). Hypothesis: Based on your gathered information, make an educated However the conditions were kept the same for each drop of the ball. WebThis experiment,is an investigation into the maximum height of the bounce of a ping pong ball when it is first released.This is because of the unpredictability of the bounce not always reaching the same height.This we can assume their are many factors effecting the bounce of the ping pong ball.The following experiment will determine how different What does the motion of a bouncing ball look like? In the bouncing ball example, external forces such as air resistance are assumed to be zero. CoR = coefficient of restitution = (speed after collision)/(speed before collision). Procedure: One group member drops a tennis ball from a specific height, while the other group member notes how high the ball bounces. 15 inches, and the golf ball bounced 26 inches. KE = 1/2mv where m = mass and v = velocity, 1/2mv = mhg - thermal energy (lost as a result of drag). The variation between results was obtained by taking the minimum result away from the maximum result. Using the trends in your experimental data and your experimental observations, try to answer your original questions. Prior to the sample task, students investigated investigated forms of energy and energy transfers and transformations. the initial height of your ball when you released it. When the ball collides with the floor, the ball becomes deformed. Averages are more reliable than using one result as they take into account variation between results. In this experiment the only variable that we modify is the release height and we keep all other variables unchanged. It shows that heights were recorded that exceeded the height that the ball would have reached had it been dropped in a vacuum. Materials:-Carbon Paper-Goggles-Golf This list is called an experimental procedure. It was decided that the first drop would start at 2m off the floor and then move down in intervals of 10cm to 10 cm off the floor. Also it will affect its bouncing properties. It was difficult to get down to the exact level of the blue tack seeing as it meant lowering your entire upper body in the short amount of time taken for the ball to hit the floor and rebound again to get your eye level from h1 to h2 (where the blue tack was stuck, approximately). The only difference is that no experimental variables are changed. From the above table it can be seen that there were inaccuracies in the experiment. WebControlled Variables: Bouncy ball used, surface bounced off of, technique in which ball was dropped (initial height was measured from base of ball). Problem: Hypothesis: Experiment: The CoRs apply to balls dropped or thrown at a rigid wooden surface. h2= The distance between the bottom of the ball at the top of its arc after bouncing and the ground. A ball that is dropped in air however is subjected to air resistance which affects the height to which it bounces. Create the most beautiful study materials using our templates. If you choose to study on any other variable, following are samples of hypothesis. It provided me with five repeats so that the maximum and minimum results could be discounted and a reliable average could be taken. Aim:To find out what affects the height to which a ball bounces. Then change the surface material by covering it with different material and repeat the test. The push which the ball receives from the floor at the moment of impact causes it to bounce up from the surface. Therefore the energy that the ball hits the floor with = mh, The proportion of energy lost when ball hits the floor = The Coefficient to the restitution of the two objects (C, All of the energy that the ball leaves the floor with is converted back into GPE, If dropping a ball in a vacuum all you need to know in order to know how high the ball will bounce to is h, can be found out by looking at a graph, the gradient, as a percentage of 1 gives the amount of energy conserved and therefore C. The clamp stand will be clamped down to the desk using a g-clamp to prevent it falling over and causing possible injuries. Hold the ball at 6 feet height and release it. D) If I freeze a tennis ball, then it will not bounce as high. From this I am able to determine that the experiment was very accurate. That height fraction is equal to the fraction of energy that the ball successfully stored and returned during its bounce. Finally, we need to multiply the distance found by 2, as one bounce of the ball includes both a rise and fall. This is in accordance with Newton's second law. This is also reflected in the velocity graph; the velocity is at its maximum at the minimum displacement and goes through zero at its maximum heights. Constants are the release height, the bouncing surface, the type and the size of the ball. The weight and material of the ball will be kept the same throughout the experiment by using the same ball. Sometimes the designer of an experiment can miss the obvious. Advanced levels of experimental science rely heavily on graphical and mathematical analysis of data. Air density will not change enough to affect the flight of the ball seeing as all the results will be collected during a brief period on one day. The same square of tiling will be used throughout the experiment so that inconsistencies between different floor tiles do not affect results. Calculating the coefficient to restitution of ball hitting the floor: The coefficient to restitution can be found out from a graph of h1against h2. Following are some sample information that you may find: Everyone has played with balls that bounce, but few people truly understand the physics behind a bouncing ball. This means it will be travelling the same speed when it hits the ground. An experiment has several types of variables, including a control variable (sometimes called a controlled variable). It travels upwards towards its highest point. Data table 2 indicates that on average tennis ball bounced to a lower height than it was dropped from. These are illustrated below. Identify your study strength and weaknesses. Method:The apparatus will be set up as shown: H is the height of the ball before it is dropped. You will be able to precisely measure the time intervals between bounces. Type your answer here: The independent is the variable you change, The dependent variable is the variable you observe to determine the impact of the independent variable, and control variable is the constant, which is something that is assigned a value, and it will not change in the experiment. This coefficient of restitution, e, is actually the ratio of the velocity of recession (upwards after the bounce) to the velocity of approach (downward before the bounce). Our lab group was able to determine the relationship between drop height and bounce height. At the lowest point, the ball has its minimum potential energy, and the velocity changes from negative to positive. You will need an assistant, so one person will drop the ball and the other person stands about 20 feet away and records how high it bounces. For the lower heights the flight time of the ball was extremely short and again it was difficult to move ones head over the distance from h1 to h2 in order to obtain accurate results. This will mean that I will have to have the interval between the different heights from which the ball is dropped from less than 20cm, probably at 10cm. Heres an example of an Excel spread sheet that analyzes whats going on: Heres a graph of energy vs. bounce from the spread sheet: Purpose: To determine how high a tennis ball will bounce when dropped from a specific height. The higher the height from which the ball was dropped from, the higher the height to which it bounced. Have all your study materials in one place. The ball is not performing a simple harmonic motion, as the acceleration is not proportional to the displacement from an equilibrium position. Either the coefficient to restitution that was worked out is incorrect, which would mean that the first three results are inaccurate or subsequent results were inaccurate. If you have any questions or need more support about this project, click on the Ask Question button on the top of this page to send me a message. For this reason, its also known as a controlled variable or a constant variable. The format you use to write your bibliography may look like this: Are you ready for more advanced ball drop projects? We felt the magic immediately.". When you hold a ball above a surface, the ball has potential energy. The positive and negative directions must be stated in each example. Yes, as the ball receives a force from the ground due to collision, which causes the ball to bounce off the ground. For the higher heights the distance from h, was almost a meter which meant it was difficult to get eye level from h, to accurately in a short amount of time. Is a bouncing ball an example of Newton's third law? WebControl variables include the size of pots, the type of soil and the position in a room. Everything you need for your studies in one place. At the terminal speed, the drag force = the gravitational force. For a falling object the Coefficient to restitution (CR) is equal to the velocity squared as the object is travelling at as it leaves the floor (v22) divided by the velocity squared as it hits the floor (v12): If dropping a ball in a vacuum all you need to know in order to know how high the ball will bounce to is h1 and CR. A control is a neutral reference point for comparison that allows you to see what changing a variable does by comparing it to not changing anything. Working out the variation in results shows how accurate the experiment was. Upload unlimited documents and save them online. Another experiment would be necessary to determine this for certain. Therefore the ball ends up with more GPE, , assuming g and m stay constant, results in an increase in m g h, , assuming g and m stay constant, results in a decrease in m g h, As the ball is accelerating due to gravity, at 9.81m/s. When raw data gets processed mathematically, for example, it becomes results. The following is a college level project, but some grade 9 to 12 students can also complete this with no problem. The decision for the size of interval and the amount of results collected will depend upon the time taken to conduct the experiment and any other factors that may become apparent during the preliminary experiment. As the ball is falling toward the ground its Kinetic Energy is increasing because its speed is increasing. The experiment was conducted well however as the utmost efforts were brought into place to avoid parallax error and it was ensured as far as possible that factors that affected how high the ball bounced, excluding the height, were kept constant throughout the experiment. Potential energy is the energy of position, and it depends on the mass of the ball and its height above the surface. use four meter sticks and go right the way up to four meters. Here, the motion of a real bouncing ball is shown. For a perfectly elastic bounce (the ultimate super ball), e =1; and for an inelastic bounce (like clay dropping on the floor), e =0. To a wider range of results i.e. When dropped on a solid surface, not even a super ball bounces back as high as its initial height, but some balls do bounce a lot better than others. Height will be the variable that we will vary. Several meter sticks for measuring the height of the bouncing ball or drawing a larger meter stick. This help to greatly increase the accuracy of the experiment. This experiment might have been improved if we had developed a method for more accurately measuring the tennis balls bounce height. Use a racquetball, a golf ball or any kind that bounces well and makes a nice crisp sound when it bounces. 1. WebOn the cardboard, mark the starting point, the point where the marble strikes the wood, and a point along the marble's path as it rolls away from the wood. Its a good idea to bounce it on a level surface, and dont release from too great a height, or while bouncing, the ball will wander away from the sound recorder range. For example a regulation tennis ball is dropped from about 1 meter. This calculation is shown in the data analysis section above. Hence the formula for the sum of the infinite number of terms can be rewritten as seen here. External factors, i.e. As the ball falls it hits against air particles. In this experiment you will test the bounce of a dropped ball for different surface hardness. All of the factors that could have affected the results that were uncontrollable could have produced variations between results. Therefore the coefficient to restitution = 0.7. In my science fair experiment, the golf ball overall was the ball that bounced the highest. If you are using windows sound recorder program, you can view the recorded waves with an accuracy of 0.01 second. If you did not observe a consistent, reproducible trend in your series of experimental runs there may be experimental errors affecting your results. Stop procrastinating with our study reminders. The higher the air pressure the more air particles per cubic meter. The most valuable resources for teachers and students. Independent Variable: The height from which the ball is dropped. The maximum height will have to be less than two meters as that is the maximum height that the equipment allows. A control is the variable that is not changed in the experiment. Keep track of where you got your information from. They can be the hardest part of a project. Why or why not? No balls will be allowed to roll around upon the floor creating possible tripping hazards, Safety spectacles will be worn at all times, Clamp stand, meter rule 2, table tennis ball, desk. It is always good to have an explanation for choosing any hypothesis. In this experiment the only variable that we modify is the type or flexibility of bounce surface and we keep all other variables unchanged. Bounce/Release is the relation of bounce height to the release height. WebVariables. If you determine that experimental errors are influencing your results, carefully rethink the design of your experiments. Prediction reasons for variable control: The height the ball is dropped from will affect the height the ball bounces to due to the energy chain the ball goes through as it is dropped and bounces up again. It could also be a written statement of what occurred during experiments. Do you think e is constant for your ball? The slope of the line in graph 1 was found to be 0.5. Find out about the physics of a dropped ball. Our dependent variable was. Will you pass the quiz? The bounce of a dropped ball has a direct relation with the air pressure inside the ball. 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I do not believe that any ball will reach terminal velocity in this experiment seeing as the maximum height that they can be dropped from is 2m and, as the ball is quite smooth, I do not believe that it will have enough time to accelerate to its terminal velocity before it hits the floor. Also it shows inaccuracies in the experiment as it shows that heights were recorded that exceeded the height that the ball would have reached had it been dropped in a vacuum. This is why it. This is why it h2will be from the bottom of the ball as it hits the floor to the bottom of the ball at the top of its arc after bouncing. This is impossible. Possible sources of error include several types of measurement errors. Your assistant will record the bounce. Therefore the results are valid. A ball falls from a height of 3 metres. This is because as the ball goes faster it passes through a greater volume of air each second. Choose one of the variables you listed in #4, and design an experiment to test it. In air considerations have to be taken into account such as air resistance but even so the rough height to which it will bounce to can be predicted before dropping the ball. Material that you may test are: Carpet, Rubber matte, ply wood, sponge, Styrofoam, another ball, . This is because the ball starts with more GPE. In a real-life scenario, the ball will eventually stop moving due to external forces such as air. Therefore any change to the weight of the ball will affect the energy the ball has initially, which, as previously stated, affects the height to which the ball bounces. The mass is cancelled out in the above equation, and we re-arrange with respect to velocity. At that instant, how does the ball know how high it should bounce? For the higher heights the distance from h1 to h2 was almost a meter which meant it was difficult to get eye level from h1 to h2 to accurately in a short amount of time. The balls leave the floor at the same speed with the same amount of KE and so both balls reach the same height and end up with the same amount of GPE at the top of their bounces. No, as the acceleration is not proportional to the displacement. The purpose of this project is to find out what factors affect the bounce of a dropped ball. Therefore the height that it reaches is less high. Set individual study goals and earn points reaching them. A bouncing ball is an example of oscillatory motion as the ball is oscillating about the equilibrium position. What is the force that causes a ball to bounce? If you are author or own the copyright of this book, please report to us by using this DMCA report form. Grammar mistakes. For an infinite number of turns, another geometric sequence formula can be used. The procedure allowed me to observe the affects of the height from which a table tennis ball was dropped from upon the height to which it bounced. As it did so the downward force was partially balanced out by the upwards force of drag, increasingly so the closer the ball got to its terminal velocity. = The distance between the bottom of the ball before it is dropped and the ground. Being precise as the we drop the ball from a very big height the ball will bounce back at a very big height by Newton's List three. Find the total distance of travel until the ball hits the ground for the 8th time. To do that use the scroll button to start, then use arrow keys to move your wave 0.1 second left or right.
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