Right image The subduction formed a line of volcanoes stretching all the way from Alaska to Central America. Imagine if Mt. Asterisk - Location of the January 12, 2010 earthquake. North American Plate Eurasian Plate ht Arabian Plate Juan de Fuca Plate Caribbean Plate . USGS photo. Eurasia plate, Pacific plate, Africa plate, Caribbean plate, South America plate, Cocos plate, Juan de Fuca plate. Yosemite National Park, California The low region between the two parallel mountain ranges is the, 150 miles inland, the top of the subducting plate reaches depths where its hot enough to generate fluids, forming volcanoes in the. The western part of California (including Los Angeles and part of San Francisco) will split away from the rest of North America, and eventually sail right by the west coast of Vancouver Island, en route to Alaska. The mountain is mainly andesite lava flows and volcanic mudflows covered by numerous glaciers. Along much of the boundary, the bulk of the motion occurs along the San Andreas Fault. Redoubt, an active volcano in Lake Clark National Park, illustrates how a volcano can pose an unexpected hazard in our modern age and why monitoring volcanic activity is so important (see photo below). The eruption of Aniakchak Volcano about 3,500 years ago rivals the eruption and collapse of Mt. As the mid-ocean ridge separating the Farallon and Pacific Plates entered the subduction zone, the Farallon Plate separated into the Juan de Fuca and Cocos Plates. Antarctic plate, Pacfic plate, Eurasia plate, India Plate, Africa plate. The part of California west of the San Andreas Fault and all of Baja California are on the Pacific Plate. Rainier National Park. The east coast of North America is a passive margin and not a plate boundary. It includes the central Caribbean countries and runs along the northern edge of South America. Copalis River, Washington Where is a divergent plate boundary located? Contents1 What boundary [] These mega-earthquakes occur every 200 to 600 years or so, and the last one was in the year 1700. Rainier in Mt. The volcanoes are forming above the region where the top of the subducting Juan de Fuca Plate reaches about 50 miles (80 kilometers) depth. The Cocos Plate in the Pacific Ocean is subducted beneath the Caribbean Plate, just off the western coast of Central America. The distribution and depths of earthquakes in the Caribbean and Central America area are shown in Figure 11.2.3. The overlying volcanoes have since eroded away, exposing a vast expanse of the ancient magma chambers in the Sierra Nevada. Most of the igneous rocks were manufactured in the ocean and are basalt. The vent was the source for most of the ash and pyroclastic flows expelled during the 1912 eruptions, and has since filled with a lava dome known as Novarupta. Magmas high in silica are thick and pasty. The subducting boundary through Indonesia is not parallel to the biogeographical Wallace line that separates the indigenous fauna of Asia from that of Australasia. Compaction in the Rock Cycle: Understanding the Process Behind Sedimentary Rock Formation, Crystallization in the Water Cycle: A Fundamental Process in Water Distribution and Purification, Understanding Crystallization in the Rock Cycle: A Fundamental Process in Rock Formation, Extracting Lat/Lng from Shapefile using OGR2OGR/GDAL. The explanation is that plates move in a rotational manner. When a series of mantle plumes exists beneath a large continent, the resulting rifts may align and lead to the formation of a rift valley (such as the present-day Great Rift Valley in eastern Africa). The rising hot water causes overlying rock to melt, generating magma that at times erupts out on the surface as lava flows and other materials forming Mt. This beauty is part of the reason that residents and visitors have learned to tolerate, and develop ways to mitigate, the effects of earthquakes, tsunamis and volcanic eruptionsbeasts that are consequences of the same tectonic forces that create the regions beauty. Credit: Photo courtesy of Robert J. Lillie. This contortion attests to the great forces that squeezed and lifted the layers from the sea. South America plate, Antarctic plate, Eurasia plate, North America plate, Arabia plate, India plate, Australia plate. The fact that the plates include both crustal material and lithospheric mantle material makes it possible for a single plate to be made up of both oceanic and continental crust. Pangea began to rift apart along a line between Africa and Asia and between North America and South America at around 200 Ma. The series of hot spots that has been identified in the Atlantic Ocean may also have existed for several hundred million years, and thus may have contributed to rifting in roughly the same place on at least two separate occasions (Figure \(\PageIndex{13}\)). Find the plate boundary between the Juan de Fuca Plate (JF) and the North American Plate (NA). The initial magma formed as mantle rock melts beneath a subduction zone has low silica (basalt) composition. Hydrothermal features on the flanks of Lassen Peak include numerous hot springs, mudpots and fumaroles that suggest there is still hot magma beneath the mountain. Forty million years ago, a large tectonic plate, known as the Farallon Plate, was between the Pacific and North American plates. Taiwan area is the collision boundary between the Philippine Sea plate and the Eurasia plate, which has complex interaction, attracting much attention[3033]. Some parks in the Sierra Nevada Mountains reveal igneous magma chamber rocks that represent the eroded remnants of an ancient subduction zone, when volcanoes similar to those found in the modern Cascade Mountains extended southward all the way through California. USGS photo. 40 Million Years Ago What caused the Chile earthquake of 1960? Sediment that has accumulated on the continental slope is thrust up into an accretionary wedge, and compression leads to thrusting within the continental plate (Figure \(\PageIndex{7}\)). The Philippine Sea plate is tectonically unusual in that almost all the boundaries are convergent. Mazama, violently erupted 7,700 years ago. Photo courtesy of Robert J. Lillie. An ancient volcano, Mt. This plate is small. At an ocean-continent convergent boundary, the oceanic plate is pushed under the continental plate in the same manner as at an ocean-ocean boundary. The line of active volcanoes, from Mt. A subduction zone will develop, and the oceanic plate will begin to descend under the continent. A sudden unlocking could produce an earthquake every bit as big as the one that occurred in Alaska in 1964, when a similar subduction zone boundary snap occurred. Identifying port numbers for ArcGIS Online Basemap? The 1,200-kilometer-long San Andreas fault zone is part of the boundary between the Pacific and North American plates, and thus is known as a transform fault. Farther inland, the subducting plate reaches depths where it sweats hot water. The boundary between the Pacific and North American plates in California is a transform plate boundary marked by the San Andreas strike-slip fault. Near their boundary, the plates can lock together for centuries, then suddenly let go as a giant earthquake. But if the lava spills out from beneath the ocean, it encounters cold water and hardens quickly as a pile of pillows. Introduction The Cocos Plate is a relatively small sized, triangular-shaped oceanic plate located just west of Mexico and the Caribbean. Listing total number of features into an ArcGIS Online feature pop-up, Convergent boundaries: where two plates are colliding. This subduction-subduction-transform (SST) triple junction is referred to hereafter as the NACC triple junction. That may not seem like much, but when tens of thousands of earthquakes occur over a few million years, coastal ranges form. There are also numerous small plates (e.g., Juan de Fuca, Cocos, Nazca, Scotia, Philippine, Caribbean), and many very small plates or sub-plates. As explained above, most transform faults connect segments of mid-ocean ridges and are thus ocean-ocean plate boundaries (Figure \(\PageIndex{11}\)). New Guinea and the northern parts of New Zealand are part of the Australia plate. The Nazca plate is an oceanic tectonic plate in the southeastern Pacific Ocean that shares both convergent and divergent boundaries, corners multiple triple junctions, contains three seamount chains, overrides four hotspots, and is responsible for the creation of the Andean orogeny (Figure 1). Often it is the older and colder plate that is denser and subducts beneath the younger and hotter plate. The explanation is that plates move in a rotational manner. Solids and gases are also part of the mix. These quarters featured iconic images that have special meaning to each state. Mount Rainier is a 14,000 foot (4,300 meter) volcano in the Cascade Range developed above the place where the subducting Juan de Fuca Plate reaches sufficient depth to release hot fluids into the overriding North American Plate. A map of the ocean floor reveals a deep underwater trench (dark blue line) running along the southern coast of Mexico, defining the boundary between two tectonic plates. Between 200 and 150 Ma, rifting started between South America and Africa and between North America and Europe, and India moved north toward Asia. This plate moves north and slightly west towards the Caribbean plate and the North America plate. Photo courtesy of Robert J. Lillie. Feature labels. Most divergent boundaries are located at the oceanic ridges (although some are on land), and the crustal material created at a spreading boundary is always oceanic in character; in other words, it is mafic igneous rock (e.g., basalt or gabbro, rich in ferromagnesian minerals). Many National Park Service sites are found in active and ancient subduction zones. . The North American Plate is one of the slowest, averaging around 1 cm/y in the south up to almost 4 cm/y in the north. What plate boundary is the Philippines and Eurasian Plate? As the Atlantic Ocean floor gets weighed down around its margins by great thickness of continental sediments (i.e., geosynclines), it will be pushed farther and farther into the mantle, and eventually the oceanic lithosphere may break away from the continental lithosphere (Figure \(\PageIndex{12}\)). Compared to the other tectonic plates in the region, the Cocos Plate is converging with the Caribbean Plate at a steady rate of about 78 millimeters per year based on data from ISCO over 10 months. rare Examine the interactive globe. Spreading rates vary considerably, from 2 cm/y to 6 cm/y in the Atlantic, to between 12 cm/y and 20 cm/y in the Pacific. What type of plate boundary is the Cocos Plate? The most famous example of a transform boundary is the San Andreas Fault in California. The two parallel mountain ranges influence many of the physical and cultural aspects of the Pacific Northwest. The Pacific Plate is the fastest, followed by the Australian and Nazca Plates. And, as at Mt. A forearc basin develops in the low area between the two mountain ranges. The resulting magmas can therefore have a variety of compositions, ranging from the original (low-silica) basalt, to (intermediate-silica) andesite, all the way up to (high-silica) rhyolite. A mid-oceanic ridge, a divergent tectonic plate boundary located along the floor of the Pacific Ocean. Transcribed image text: Question 1 (1 point) Saved Unclick all the other layers you've been using, and then click next to "plate boundary model" layer. Mazama, Aniakchak no longer holds a large lake because the caldera wall is breached. Four-letter codes indicate the ancient volcanic arc parks listed near the top of this page. The Pacific Plate is moving to the northwest at a speed of between 7 and 11 centimeters (cm) or ~3-4 inches a year. The northern boundary of the Cocos Plate is the Middle America Trench. 20 Million Years Ago The other piece became the Nazca plate.The Cocos plate also broke into two pieces, creating the small Rivera plate. Ancient magma chamber rocks can be exposed if subduction stops and the volcanoes erode away. This plate includes all of North America, Greenland, the eastern most part of Russia, northern Japan, and the northwestern part of the Atlantic ocean. The Pacific plate is subducting beneath the Philippine Sea plate to the east while the west/northwestern part of the Philippine Sea plate is subducting beneath the continental Eurasian plate. The Cocos plate is a geologically young oceanic tectonic plate.It is beneath the Pacific Ocean off the west coast of Central America. The eruption of Mt. Kenai Fjords National Park The mafic magma produced adjacent to the subduction zone rises to the base of the continental crust and leads to partial melting of the crustal rock. USGS photo. Basalt lava is thin and runny and will flow for miles and miles. Magma from the mantle pushing up to fill the voids left by divergence of the two plates, Magma cooling more slowly in the lower part of the new crust and forming gabbro bodies, Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\): Plates tect2 en by the. USGS photo. To see the timing of these processes for yourself, go to time lapse of Continental Movements. After a terrifying free-fall that lasted 8 minutes, the pilots finally managed to restart the engines at only 6,000 feet (2,000 meters). Without warning the plane flew right through the eruption cloud at 25,000 feet (7,500 meters) altitude. This plate is bound by the North-American and Caribbean Plates to the north-east, the small Rivera Plate to the north-west, the Pacific Plate to the west, and the Nazca Plate to the south (Fig 1). The rising water melts rock in its path, forming a volcanic arc on the overrriding plate. Pacific plate, Australia plate, Africa plate, Scotia plate, Nazca plate, South America plate. Off the Pacific coast, the Cocos plate is subducted beneath both the North American and Caribbean plates, which are separated by a sinistral transcurrent boundary. It formed millions of years ago when the Farallon Plate split into the Cocos Plate and the Nazca Plate.. Sea lions resting on layers of pillow basalt that formed beneath the ocean and were uplifted as part of the accretionary wedge. Nazca plate, Pacific plate, North America plate, Caribbean plate. The Coast Ranges, including the Olympic Mountains, are made of oceanic sediments and hard rocks that were caught in the vise between the converging plates, uplifted, and added to the edge of the continent. But the incident highlighted the importance of monitoring volcanic activity and making the information immediately available to the airline industry and other segments of the public. Farther east the Juan de Fuca Plate descends deeper and deeper. Three others, Aniakchak National Monument, Katmai National Park, and Lake Clark National Park, are farther inland, along the active volcanic arc. More than 40 volcanoes have erupted in Alaska since Russians first arrived in the mid 1700s a great many of the volcanoes are in areas that are now National Park Service sites. Some of the processes taking place in this setting include: Spreading is hypothesized to start within a continental area with up-warping or doming related to an underlying mantle plume or series of mantle plumes. The largest earthquakes occur near the surface where the subducting plate is still cold and strong. The subduction of the Nazca plate under southern Chile has a history of producing massive earthquakes, including the largest ever recorded on earth, the moment magnitude 9.5 1960 Valdivia earthquake. Before we talk about processes at plate boundaries, its important to point out that there are never gaps between plates. Download the official NPS app before your next visit, Accretionary WedgeCoast Ranges [3 parks], Accretionary WedgeSouthern Alaska [1park]. What type of boundary is the San Andreas Fault? Sandstone and shale layers at Kenai Fjords are commonly metamorphosed and were so deformed during subduction and uplift that they are vertical in places. Continental drift and sea-floor spreading became widely accepted around 1965 as more and more geologists started thinking in these terms. WrangellSt. Mount Rainier National Park showcases a 14,411-foot (4,393-meter) composite volcano. What type of boundary is the Cocos Plate? North America plate, Africa plate, Australia plate, Arabia plate, India plate, Filipino plate. Once this happens, the continents will no longer continue to move apart because the spreading at the mid-Atlantic ridge will be taken up by subduction. Pillow basalt layers formed more than a mile (1.6 kilometers) below the surface of the ocean are now almost a mile above sea-level on Hurricane Ridge Road in Olympic National Park, Washington. Is the Nazca plate convergent or divergent? Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.org. The North American Plate is one of the slowest, averaging around 1 cm/y in the south up to almost 4 cm/y in the north. Dramatic examples of these layers in tilted and contorted forms can be found in Olympic National Park and elsewhere along the coast and in the mountains. Step 2/2. The Guerrero and Oaxaca regions of southern Mexico also experience regular SSEs. The North American plate is moving to the west-southwest at about 2.3 cm (~1 inch) per year driven by the spreading center that created the Atlantic Ocean, the Mid Atlantic Ridge. Rates of motions of the major plates range from less than 1 cm/y to over 10 cm/y. Rather, it flowed underground to a vent 6 miles (10 kilometers) away! The Cascadia Subduction Zone, extending from northern California through western Oregon and Washington to southern British Columbia, is a type of convergent plate boundary. Much of the stable plate is under water and is called the Caribbean ocean . Find the boundary between the North American and Cocos plates. As a result of this collision, the oceanic Cocos plate is subducted below the Caribbean along the Mesoamerican trench plate at speeds ranging from 2 in. This plate is moving north north east towards the Eurasia plate. When caught between the converging Juan de Fuca and North American plates, the pillows and other ocean layers can be lifted upward to more than a mile above sea level. Many transform boundaries are found on the sea floor, where they connect segments of diverging mid-ocean ridges. This is the zone where the two plates have been locked together since the last great earthquake occurred in the year 1700. The Cocos Plate is a tectonic plate beneath the Pacific Ocean off the west coast of Central America. If the seafloor rises or falls, giant sea waves (a tsunami) can form. Off the Pacific coast, the Cocos plate is subducted beneath both the North American and Caribbean plates, which are separated by a sinistral transcurrent boundary. It is subducting under (that is, being forced under) the South American plate. The triangular zone of partial melting near the ridge crest is approximately 60 km thick and the proportion of magma is about 10% of the rock volume, thus producing crust that is about 6 km thick. Most divergent boundaries are located along mid-ocean oceanic ridges (although some are on land). There is strong evidence around the margins of the Atlantic Ocean that this process has taken place before. This plate is moving north east towards the Arabia and Eurasia plates. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. In doing so the magma is enriched in silica, because high-silica minerals commonly are the first ones to melt. The same forces that shift the land so dramatically also gradually build spectacular landscapes like the coastlines of the Pacific Northwest. Produced under a Cooperative Agreement for earth science education between the National Park Service's Geologic Resources Division and the American Geosciences Institute. Is the Philippine plate convergent or divergent? There will also be continued northerly movement of Australia and Indonesia. By 50 Ma, Australia had separated from Antarctic, and shortly after that, India collided with Asia. The physical landscape was an important component of the practical and spiritual aspects of Native Americans lives. The best example is the San Andreas Fault on the Pacific coast of the United States. NPS photo. This plate includes Australia and much of the surrounding ocean. the East Pacific Rise has created rift valleys where the Pacific plate is separating from the North American plate, Cocos plate, . Now you should see color coded lines that are the plate boundaries, and the names of Earth's major plates. What are the 4 types of plate boundaries? The North American Plate . Figures 10.4.2, 10.4.3, 10.4.5, 10.4.6, 10.4.7, 10.4.8, 10.4.9, 10.4.10, 10.4.11, 10.4.12, 10.4.13, 10.4.14: Steven Earle. The ocean area along southern Asia up to the India plate is also a part of the Australia plate. At present, North and South America, Europe, and Africa are moving with their respective portions of the Atlantic Ocean. The collapse caldera from the Katmai eruption is about 3 miles (5 kilometers) across and 2,000 feet (600 meters) deep. Africa plate, Nazca plate, Scotia plate, Caribbean plate, Antarctic plate, North America plate. Two parallel mountain ranges have been forming as a result of the Juan de Fuca Plate subducting beneath the edge of North America. The map shows the major tectonic plates that compose Earth's crust and upper mantle Arrows indicate direction of plate movement and the size of the arrows indicate rate of movement. The types are ocean-ocean, ocean-continent, and continent-continent. Subduction of the Cocos plate beneath the North American plate along the Middle American Trench in Mexico generates large to great earthquakes every 30-100 years.
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