Dallek was able to consult a collection of Kennedy-associated papers from the years 19551963, including X-rays and prescription records from the files of Dr. Travell. In his short time in the Solomon Islands, he knew the layout of the islands and the strange currents running in between them. [262] On May 1, 1968, Undersecretary of State Nicholas Katzenbach told President Johnson that Dimona was producing enough plutonium to produce two bombs a year. [170] In November 1961, he authorized Operation Mongoose. However, it was not delivered because Kennedy was hospitalized at the time. [435][436] President Johnson then signed the Act into law on July 2, 1964. All four of his grandparents were children of Irish immigrants. Commander, 29th Infantry Division. I firmly believe, that as much as I was shaped by anything, so I was shaped by the hand of fate moving in World War II, JFK said on the campaign trail in 1946. This conclusion was based largely on audio recordings of the shooting. U.S. officials were alarmed by the expropriation as well as the recent Soviet veto of an Egyptian-sponsored UN resolution requesting the admittance of Kuwait as UN member state, which they believed were connected. It survived Senate floor attempts to include Taft-Hartley amendments and gained passage but was rejected by the House. [112] Kennedy cast a procedural vote against it and this was considered by some to be an appeasement of Southern Democratic opponents of the bill. Although Kennedy never indicated how he would have voted, the episode damaged his support among members of the liberal community, including Eleanor Roosevelt, in the 1956 and 1960 elections. Thereafter, Kennedy was assigned duty in Panama and later in the Pacific theater, where he eventually commanded two more PT boats. (Executive Officer PT 109)", "Record of John F. Kennedy's Naval Service", "Peoria Open Space Master Plan: Chapter 4 Historic and Cultural Resources", "John F. Kennedy Received "Non-Combat" Recognition for Wartime Action", "Lt. John F. Kennedy's WWII Medals: Navy Marine Corps Medal and Purple Heart", "Citation for the Navy Marine Corps Medal", "Fast Facts about John F. Kennedy | JFK Library", "Kennedy and Defense The formative years", "John F. Kennedy Study Guide: The Star Senator", "John F. Kennedy's Pre-Presidential Voting Record & Stands on Issues (p. 2 of 9) | JFK Library", "JFK in the Senate: Pathway to the Presidency", "John F. Kennedy Presidential candidate and president", "John F. Kennedy's Pre-Presidential Voting Record & Stands on Issues (p. 1 of 9) | JFK Library", "Rachel Carson and JFK, an Environmental Tag Team", "Kennedy Letter Opens Campaign For Presidency", "Head to Head: JFK and RFK, Los Angeles, July 1960", "Address of Senator John F. Kennedy Accepting the Democratic Party Nomination for the Presidency of the United States", "Address to the Greater Houston Ministerial Association", "The KennedyNixon Presidential Debates, 1960", "Debunking Nixon's radio victory in the 1960 election: Re-analyzing the historical record and considering currently unexamined polling data", "10 Things You May Not Know About John F. Kennedy", "Remarks of Senator John F. Kennedy at Saint Anselm's College, Manchester, New Hampshire, March5, 1960", "Robert Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis: A Reassertion of Robert Kennedy's Role as the President's 'Indispensable Partner' in the Successful Resolution of the Crisis", "U.S. planned massive Cuba invasion force, the kidnapping of Cuban officials", "1962 US Joint Chiefs Of Staff Operation Northwoods Unclassified Document Bolsheviks NWO", "JFK in the Senate by John T. Shaw:Books in Review", "Vietnam War Allied Troop Levels 196073", "National Security Action Memorandum # 263", "Marking the 50th Anniversary of JFK's Speech on Campus", "Generations Divide Over Military Action in Iraq", "National Security Action Memorandum Number 273", "Obama will echo Kennedy's American University nuclear speech from 1963", "Obama to follow in John F. Kennedy's historic footsteps", "How a Standoff with the U.S. [425], Kennedy inspired affection and loyalty from the members of his team and his supporters. Of the 24 torpedoes fired that night by eight of the American PTs, not one hit the Japanese convoy. Kennedy also posthumously received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1963.[444]. The PT boats were the US Navys concept for quick attacks and for close in shore support. The group's objectiveto overthrow Castro via espionage, sabotage, and other covert tacticswas never pursued. [citation needed] Additionally, Kennedy appointed 21 judges to the United States Courts of Appeals, and 102 judges to the United States district courts. Maryland Military Historical Society: 29th Infantry Division Archives, Group I Box 1: 29th Division, daily G-3 reports with map overlays, 1 November 1944 - 31 March 1945, originals. [203][204] However, Kennedy, who was wary about the region's successful war of independence against France, was also eager to not give the impression to the Vietnamese people that the United States was acting as the region's new colonizer, even stating in his journal at one point that the United States was "more and more becoming colonists in the minds of the people." It ambitiously promised federal funding for education, medical care for the elderly, economic aid to rural regions, and government intervention to halt the recession. Pickett died on the morning of Sunday, Aug. 2, at his home in Soddy-Daisy from complications due to heart disease. In response to that, Attorney General Robert Kennedy sent 127 U.S. [180] The U.S. publicly promised never to invade Cuba and privately agreed to remove its Jupiter missiles from Italy and Turkey, which were by then obsolete and had been supplanted by submarines equipped with UGM-27 Polaris missiles. [118] In the aftermath of his re-election, Kennedy began preparing to run for president by traveling throughout the U.S. with the aim of building his candidacy for 1960. When dawn broke the next morning with no sign of a rescue, Kennedy gathered the men and democratically took a vote on their next move. Those people hate us. On the morning of August 7, Evans radioed the PT base on Rendova. Kennedy assigned federal marshals to protect the Freedom Riders rather than using federal troops or uncooperative FBI agents. The 101 was a 78-foot Higgins boat which was one of two variants the Navy was fielding along with the slightly larger Elco PTs. John F. Kennedy was promoted to Lieutenant and continued as the skipper of the PT-59 but by 1944 the injuries sustained with the collision with the Japanese destroyer sent him stateside to receive treatment and physical therapy at Castle Hot Springs, a military hospital in Arizona. On August 12, 1944, Kennedy's older brother, Joe Jr., a navy pilot, was killed while on a special and hazardous air mission for which he had volunteered; his explosive-laden plane blew up when its bombs detonated prematurely over the English Channel. [339] The legislation was enacted by Kennedy's successor President Lyndon B. Johnson, prompted by Kennedy's memory, after his assassination in November, enforcing voting rights, public accommodations, employment, education, and the administration of justice. "[121][122] In 1954, the Senate voted to censure McCarthy, and Kennedy drafted a speech supporting the censure. A Patrol Torpedo (PT) Boat skipper had arrived ready for duty. "Dad made up his own mind," said Spence. Webb proved to be adept at obtaining the support of Congress, the President, and the American people. [215] At the same time, the first formal anti-Vietnam war sentiment was expressed by U.S. clergy from the Ministers' Vietnam Committee. Lee Harvey Oswald, a former U.S. Marine, was arrested for the assassination, but he was shot and killed by Jack Ruby two days later. His initial duties with the Navy were modest at best shuffling between office bound assignments stateside. He was commissioned an ensign on October 26, 1941,[44] and joined the staff of the Office of Naval Intelligence in Washington, D.C.[45][46][47], In January 1942, Kennedy was assigned to the ONI field office at Headquarters, Sixth Naval District, in Charleston, South Carolina. [191][192], As a U.S. CIA director Allen Dulles later stated that they thought Kennedy would authorize any action that was needed for success once the troops were on the ground. He intended to study under Harold Laski at the London School of Economics (LSE), as his older brother had done. But by some miracle, as the morning dawned, he realized that another current had brought him right back to Ferguson Passage. On Election Day, Kennedy defeated Nixon in one of the closest presidential elections of the 20th century. It was speed or nothing. Johnson assured Diem more aid to mold a fighting force that could resist the communists. In 1927, the Dexter School announced it would not reopen before October after an outbreak of polio in Massachusetts. He expressed concern about the plight of the Seneca and directed government agencies to assist in obtaining more land, damages, and assistance to help mitigate their displacement. He stated, "We're going for broke. Inspections of Dimona | National Security Archive", "U.S. Seeks to Impede Israel's Nuclear Development (August 1961)", "President Kennedy Discussion of Johnson Plan (August 1962)", "Nasser, Kennedy, the Middle East, and Israel", "President John F. Kennedy on His Historic Trip to Ireland", "JFK is First Foreign Leader to Address Dil ireann (Text and video)", "Address Before the Irish Parliament in Dublin, June 28, 1963 (Text and audio)", "President Kennedy in Ireland (Text and video)", "On taxes, let's be Kennedy Democrats. During the trip south, he was hospitalized briefly in Jacksonville after diving into the cold water to unfoul a propeller. The fateful mission began 75 years ago, at 2:30 a.m. on the night of August 1, 1943 in the Solomon Islands near Papua New Guinea. [260] The American who led the inspection team stated that the essential goal of the inspections was to find "ways to not reach the point of taking action against Israel's nuclear weapons program". [77] Kennedy's two original medals are currently on display at the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. Yet, he is also the first and possibly only US President to be faced with one of the worlds most critical moments when the United States and the Soviet Union were on the verge of engaging in global nuclear thermal warfare in 1962. "[324] Civil rights clashes were on the rise that year. He made it clear that any treaty interfering with U.S. access rights in West Berlin would be regarded as an act of war. They were willing to help. [264][265], Relations between the United States and Iraq became strained following the overthrow of the Iraqi monarchy on July 14, 1958, which resulted in the declaration of a republican government led by Brigadier Abd al-Karim Qasim. The 109 joined fifteen PT boats on patrol on a dark night in early August 1943 to intercept Japanese warships in the straits. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum Photograph by Frank Turgeon Jr. President John F. Kennedy is arguably one of Americas greatest U.S. Presidents. Unmindful of personal danger, Lieutenant (then Lieutenant, Junior Grade) Kennedy unhesitatingly braved the difficulties and hazards of darkness to direct rescue operations, swimming many hours to secure aid and food after he had succeeded in getting his crew ashore. [319] Meredith did finally enroll for a class, and Kennedy regretted not sending in troops earlier. Meanwhile, France's President Emmanuel Macron helped Pickett to his feet to receive Trump's embrace. General Hayden is also serving as the Special Assistant to the Director, Army National Guard. But let us begin." And man can be as big as he wants. [443] He was posthumously awarded the Pacem in Terris Award (Latin: Peace on Earth). [358][359] After consulting with Wernher von Braun, Johnson responded approximately one week later, concluding that "we are neither making maximum effort nor achieving results necessary if this country is to reach a position of leadership". [211] Lodge was instructed to try getting Diem and Nhu to step down and leave the country. [385][386] After the service, Kennedy was buried at Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia.[387]. His ability to make quick decisions under stress with the welfare of those around him would be put to the test like no other on a fateful August night in 1943. His first thought was another friendly PT boat slowly approaching. [22] While sick, Kennedy became a passionate reader, reading authors and characters like Sir Walter Scott and King Arthur. Here is a compilation of the archival boxes we hold at the 29th Infantry Division Archives. [310] Upon taking office in 1961, Kennedy postponed promised civil rights legislation he made while campaigning in 1960, recognizing that conservative Southern Democrats controlled congressional legislation. Although Kennedy's and Lodge's legislative records were similarly liberal, Lodge voted for the Taft-Hartley Act of 1947 and Kennedy voted against it. [356] Early in his presidency, Kennedy was poised to dismantle the crewed space program but postponed any decision out of deference to Johnson, who had been a strong supporter of the space program in the Senate.[350]. Kennedy knew that a second ballot could give the nomination to Johnson or someone else, and his well-organized campaign was able to earn the support of just enough delegates to win the presidential nomination on the first ballot. Grant.[437]. [70] From there he returned to the United States in early January 1944. The elder Kennedy was the U.S. ambassador to Great Britain and good friends with Captain Alan Kirk who was the Director of Naval Intelligence. Still Believe JFK Killed in a Conspiracy: Mafia, federal government top list of potential conspirators", "Report of the Select Committee on Assassinations of the U.S. House of Representatives", "PDF Justice Department of JFK-King Reinvestigation", "JFK The Bigamist. [263], Israeli national interests to an extent were also at odds with Kennedy's endorsement of the United Nation's Johnson Plan, which devised a plan to return a small percentage of displaced Palestinians from the war of 1948 into what was by then, Israel. ", Radio Television Digital News Association, The Personal Papers of Theodore H. White (19151986): Series 11. [283], In July 1963, Kennedy sent W. Averell Harriman to Moscow to negotiate a treaty with the Soviets. Or Nixon Republicans", "BEA: Quarterly GDP figures by sector, 19531964", "Consumer and Gross Domestic Price Indices: 1913 to 2002", "Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1964", "Federal Executions Have Been Rare but May Increase", "Bush: Former Army cook's crimes warrant execution", "Legislative Summary: District of Columbia", "Norton Letter to U.S. Attorney Says Death Penalty Trial That Begins Today Part of Troubling and Futile Pattern", "Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Global Freedom Struggle", "U.S. Ship at two oclock! yelled a crewman in the forward gun turret. "[168] He appointed Robert Kennedy to help lead a committee to examine the causes of the failure. This continuation of the late UN Secretary General Dag Hammarskjold's plan for Palestinian repatriation particularity disturbed persons who had a hard line view of even Arab resettlement in Israel, or the more heavily feared, full repatriation. [139] Vancil and Pendell point out that Nixon did not win the debate by strength of argument either; Democratic figures were satisfied with Kennedy's debate performance and even many Southern Democrats who had been apathetic or hostile towards Kennedy were impressed, but Nixon's performance alarmed Republican figures who thought that his defensiveness and me-tooism (repeatedly emphasising his agreement with Kennedy) realised their worst fears and was a surprisingly poor performance from him. [17], As the 1920s ended and both John and Joe Jr. entered their teenage years, their father assumed a key role in their educational development. [13] Christmas and Easter holidays were spent at their winter retreat in Palm Beach, Florida. Kennedy was spared, but thrown hard against the deck and badly hurt his back. National Guard Association of Maryland. His first thought was another friendly PT boat slowly approaching. In addition, JFK blamed the right-to-work provision for giving the South an unfair advantage over Massachusetts in labor costs. His outstanding courage, endurance and leadership contributed to the saving of several lives and were in keeping with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service. [338] Gaining Republican support, Senator Everett Dirksen promised the legislation would be brought to a vote preventing a Senate filibuster. Forgot account? [41][42], Kennedy planned to attend Yale Law School after auditing courses on business law at Stanford, but canceled when American entry into World War II seemed imminent. The crew set out for a second arduous journey again with Kennedy tending to his wounded sailor. . Intelligence had been sent to Kennedy's Commander Thomas G. Warfield expecting the arrival of the large Japanese naval force that would pass on the evening of August 1. . [85] His father joked after the campaign, "With the money I spent, I could have elected my chauffeur. "He was a soft-spoken but wise man," said Price. He reported that Israel's target date for achieving nuclear capability was 19681969. A small sample of the extensive list at the main article (link above) includes: The 1963 LIFE article represented the first use of the term "Camelot" in print and is attributed with having played a major role in establishing and fixing this image of the Kennedy Administration and period in the popular mind. "[257] Hersh contends that the inspections were conducted in such a way that it "guaranteed that the whole procedure would be little more than a whitewash, as the president and his senior advisors had to understand: the American inspection team would have to schedule its visits well in advance, and with the full acquiescence of Israel. [151], Kennedy's foreign policy was dominated by American confrontations with the Soviet Union, manifested by proxy contests in the early stage of the Cold War. 29 th Division Assoc. The somewhat larger Olasana Island had ripe coconut trees, but still no fresh water. [21], During his years at Choate, Kennedy was beset by health problems that culminated with his emergency hospitalization in 1934 at Yale New Haven Hospital, where doctors suspected leukemia. Joseph Balkoski (born June 13, 1954) is an American military historian and board game designer who has authored eight books on American involvement in the European Theater in World War II, including a five-volume series on the history of the 29th Infantry Division in World War II and a two-volume set on American participation in the D-Day invasion. More than 800 members of the 116th Infantry Regiment, 29th Infantry Division were killed, wounded or missing during the D-Day assault on Omaha Beach on June 6, 1944, but their courage and bravery helped create a foothold that allowed follow on forces to continue the assault and set the stage for Allied victory in Europe. At 2 a.m. Kennedy noted a vague silhouette of vessel approaching in the darkness. [312] Robert Kennedy, speaking for the president, urged the Freedom Riders to "get off the buses and leave the matter to peaceful settlement in the courts". [312], On March 6, 1961, Kennedy signed Executive Order 10925, which required government contractors to "take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed and that employees are treated during employment without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin". Of course, the same can be said of almost any American or British or Australian man of my generation. Kennedy called the congressional leaders to the White House and by the following day the original bill, without the additions, had enough votes to get it out of the House committee. The objective of the McNamara Taylor mission "emphasized the importance of getting to the bottom of the differences in reporting from U.S. representatives in Vietnam". Kennedy established his residency at an apartment building on 122 Bowdoin Street across from the Massachusetts State House. He then added, "But of course, I had to give that speech, and I'm glad that I did. Associated Press text, photo, graphic, audio and/or video material shall not be published, broadcast, rewritten for broadcast or publication or redistributed directly or indirectly in any medium. [398][399], Despite a privileged youth, Kennedy was plagued by a series of childhood diseases, including whooping cough, chicken pox, measles, and ear infections. The 59 acted as a shield from shore fire and protected them as they escaped on two rescue landing craft at the base of the Warrior River at Choiseul Island, taking ten marines aboard and delivering them to safety. [396] In 1961 the Radio-Television News Directors Association presented Kennedy with its highest honor, the Paul White Award, in recognition of his open relationship with the media.[397]. [345] These reforms later became law through the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, which dramatically shifted the source of immigration from Northern and Western European countries towards immigration from Latin America and Asia. Was the Russian Premier Khrushchev testing the young Kennedy? and all those inspired by the Blue and Gray Division. This course was altered when West Berliners had lost confidence in the defense of their position by the United States. [312] The instigating subculture during the Ole Miss riot, and many other racially ignited events, was the Ku Klux Klan. For other uses, see, Kennedy on the establishment of the Peace Corps, Kennedy addressing the nation on October 22, 1962, about the buildup of arms on Cuba, President Kennedy comments on the possible prevention of the Cold War, Announcement by John F. Kennedy to go to the moon (duration 00:11), After the war, Kennedy contacted the captain of the. The group engaged several Japanese destroyers firing their complement of torpedoes and withdrawing, but due to the unreliability of American torpedoes in the early stages of the war the attack did not affect much damage. Kennedy picked up on this in his speech in Paris, saying that he would be remembered as "the man who accompanied Jackie Kennedy to Paris". [72] When later asked how he became a war hero, Kennedy joked: "It was easy. Craig, Campbell. Kennedy's tenure as a naval combat officer was a pivotal and defining period of his life. [128] The choice infuriated many in labor. [citation needed], President Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas at 12:30p.m. Central Standard Time (CST) on Friday, November 22, 1963. Not long after their rendezvous, Kennedys feeling of elation must have been immense as he watched thePT-157rumble over to greet him. The Association is open to anyone devoted to that purpose including veterans, their descendants, currently serving 29ers, and all those inspired by the Blue and Gray Division. HE CAN PILOT . Kennedy's survival following the sinking of PT-109 and his rescue of his fellow sailors made him a war hero and earned the Navy and Marine Corps Medal, but left him with serious injuries. "[378] The Justice Department concluded "that no persuasive evidence can be identified to support the theory of a conspiracy" in the Kennedy assassination. When the division. [380][381] Then, the coffin was carried on a horse-drawn caisson to the Capitol to lie in state. A longtime contributor to HowStuffWorks, Dave has also been published in The New York Times, the Los Angeles Times and Newsweek. There is no excerpt because this is a protected post. [97] The following year, he married Jacqueline Bouvier. [59] Kennedy made an additional two-mile swim the night of August 2, 1943, to Ferguson Passage to attempt to hail a passing American PT boat to expedite his crew's rescue and attempted to make the trip on a subsequent night, in a damaged canoe found on Naru Island where he had swum with Ensign George Ross to look for food. Kennedy kept his speed to a crawl hoping to keep the wake and noise to a minimum in order to avoid detection. This civil rights law ended what was known as the "Solid South" and certain provisions were modeled after the Civil Rights Act of 1875, signed into law by President Ulysses S. Kennedy graduated cum laude from Harvard University in . [92] JFK set a goal of speaking in every city and town in Massachusetts prior to 1952. The official organization for anyone that ever served in the 29th Division or those friends and famil 29th Division Association. Kennedy ended the arms embargo that the Eisenhower and Truman administrations had enforced on Israel. [281] Shortly afterwards, new U.S. satellites began delivering images that made it clear that the Soviets were substantially behind the U.S. in the arms race. [67] On November 2, Kennedy's PT-59 took part with two other PTs in the successful rescue of 4050 marines. [40] In early 1941, Kennedy left and helped his father write a memoir of his time as an American ambassador. [81], JFK's elder brother Joe had been the family's political standard-bearer and had been tapped by their father to seek the presidency. This would be a post-World War II event that could plunge the global climate into a nuclear winter and kill millions. [] their expense accounts, where they've been and what they've been doing. The Court also prohibited segregation at other public facilities (such as buses, restaurants, theaters, courtrooms, bathrooms, and beaches) but it continued nonetheless. "[251], As president, Kennedy initiated the creation of security ties with Israel, and he is credited as the founder of the US-Israeli military alliance, which would be continued under subsequent presidents. [52], In April 1943, Kennedy was assigned to Motor Torpedo Squadron TWO,[45] and on April 24 he took command of PT-109,[53] which was based at the time on Tulagi Island in the Solomons. TWS is the largest online community of Veterans existing today and is a powerful Veteran locator. They were willing to help. "[143], The address reflected Kennedy's confidence that his administration would chart a historically significant course in both domestic policy and foreign affairs. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. President John F. Kennedy: "After Two Years: A Conversation with the President", John F. Kennedy: "Speech by Senator John F. Kennedy, Zionists of America Convention, Statler Hilton Hotel, New York, NY," August 26, 1960, sfn error: no target: CITEREFBrauer_2002 (, "John F. Kennedy", Urs Swharz, Paul Hamlyn, 1964. Many civil rights advocates at the time criticized that vote as one which would weaken the act. . Ensign Kennedys next big break came when he was able to attend Officers Training School in the late summer of 1942. The presence of two endocrine diseases raises the possibility that Kennedy had autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 2 (APS 2). He asked the nations of the world to join to fight what he called the "common enemies of man: tyranny, poverty, disease, and war itself". The GDP expanded by an average of 5.5% from early-1961 to late-1963,[295] while inflation remained steady at around 1% and unemployment eased. Other countries have had forces serving outside their own country, but for conquest. It was named after a 1963 encyclical letter by Pope John XXIII that calls upon all people of goodwill to secure peace among all nations. Kennedy watched King's speech on TV and was very impressed. According to Travell's records, during his presidential years Kennedy suffered from high fevers; stomach, colon, and prostate issues; abscesses; high cholesterol; and adrenal problems. [377] Subsequently, investigative reports from the FBI's Technical Services Division and a specially appointed National Academy of Sciences Committee determined that "reliable acoustic data do not support a conclusion that there was a second gunman. We choose to go to the Moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard. Kennedy and his wife were younger than the presidents and first ladies who preceded them, and both were popular in the media culture in ways more common to pop singers and movie stars than politicians, influencing fashion trends and becoming the subjects of numerous photo spreads in popular magazines. "[250], In 1960, Kennedy stated, "Israel will endure and flourish. Fifteen hundred U.S.-trained Cubans, dubbed Brigade 2506, landed on the island. [167] He took responsibility for the failure, saying, "We got a big kick in the leg and we deserved it. [395] In 1963, months before JFK's assassination, Jackie gave birth to a son, Patrick. Krulak said that the military fight against the communists was progressing and being won, while Mendenhall stated that the country was civilly being lost to any U.S. influence. Nevertheless, de Gaulle was quite impressed with the young president and his family. Davis estimated that Kennedy would not live for another year, while Kennedy himself hoped he could live for an additional ten. They sunk my boat.. It carries the shield of democracy and it honors the sword of freedom. [441][442], In 1961, he was awarded the Laetare Medal by the University of Notre Dame, considered the most prestigious award for American Catholics. The State Department argued that if Israel wanted arms, it should accept international supervision of its nuclear program.
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