The troops then confronted the revenue cutter U.S.S. These acquisitions largely exceeded the original limits of the Republic. Articles. Passed January 19, 1861. This act was passed by a rump legislature called into session in Neosho, Mo., by Gov. These conflicts took many formseconomic, social, politicalbut almost always included discussion of slavery in some form. Now, therefore, we, the people of Virginia, do declare and ordain, That the ordinance adopted by the people of this State in convention on the twenty-fifth day of June, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-eight, whereby the Constitution of the United States of America was ratified, and all acts of the General Assembly of this State ratifying and adopting amendments to said Constitution, are hereby repealed and abrogated; that the union between the State of Virginia and the other States under the Constitution aforesaid is hereby dissolved, and that the State of Virginia is in the full possession and exercise of all the rights of sovereignty which belong and appertain to a free and independent State. The most prominent of those voting against was Throckmorton, of Collin County, who was later a Confederate general and a Reconstruction era governor of Texas. Texas, Mississippi, Georgia and South Carolina all issued additional documents, usually referred to as the "Declarations of Causes," which explain their decision to leave the Union. [citation needed]. Alexander Stephens, Vice President of the Confederacy, stated in a speech on March 21, 1861 that Our new government is founded upon exactly the opposite idea [referring to the equality of the races being pursued in the North]; its foundations are laid, its corner-stone rests upon the great truth that the negro is not equal to the white man; that slavery subordination to the superior race is his natural and normal condition. Whatever their personal motivations, Confederate soldiers went to war to uphold the system and ideas of Southern slavery. Be it further declared and State of Alabama, in Convention assembled, at Montgomery, on this, the eleventh When Confederate armies invaded Kentucky in 1862, bringing extra arms to equip new volunteers, briefly seizing the state capital, and installing an ephemeral state government, local recruitment proved weak and Union forces soon decisively defeated the invasion. of Alabama, by their Delegates, in Convention, on the 4th day of February, A.D., Said that if a woman insulted a Confederate Soldier that she would no longer be treated like a lady. Other Southern states, including Arkansas, watched and waited. Following Abraham Lincoln's election, on November 6, 1860, Governor Madison Starke Perry called on Florida to join with other southern states seceeding from the United States. Fugitive Slave Act 1850. Confederate States of America : Documents Declarations of Secession Georgia; January 29, 1861 Mississippi South Carolina; December 24, 1860 Texas; February 2, 1861 Messages and Papers of the Confederacy Constitution for the Provisional Government; February 8, 1861 We do further ordain and declare, That all rights acquired and vested under the Constitution of the United States of America, or of any act or acts of Congress, or treaty, or under any law of this State, and not incompatible with this ordinance, shall remain in full force and effect, in nowise altered or impaired, and have the same effect as if this ordinance had not been passed. Printed document of the State of Texas' Declaration of Secession from the United States of America. Tennessee's Ordinance of SecessionJune 8, 1861. The website or any of the authors does not hold any responsibility for the suitability, accuracy, authenticity, or completeness of the information within. and menacing a character as to justify the people of the State of Alabama in the . Later Virginia (except for its northwestern counties, which broke away and formed the Union-loyal state of West Virginia), Arkansas, North . The secession of Southern States led to the establishment of the Confederacy and ultimately the Civil War. "Secession Acts of the Thirteen Confederate States." Secession Acts of the Thirteen Confederate States. Therefore we, the people of the State of Arkansas, in convention assembled, do hereby declare and ordain, and it is hereby declared and ordained, That the "ordinance and acceptance of compact" passed and approved by the General Assembly of the State of Arkansas on the 18th day of October, A.D. 1836, whereby it was by said General Assembly ordained that by virtue of the authority vested in said General Assembly by the provisions of the ordinance adopted by the convention of delegates assembled at Little Rock for the purpose of forming a constitution and system of government for said State, the propositions set forth in "An act supplementary to an act entitled `An act for the admission of the State of Arkansas into the Union, and to provide for the due execution of the laws of the United States within the same, and for other purposes,'" were freely accepted, ratified, and irrevocably confirmed, articles of compact and union between the State of Arkansas and the United States, and all other laws and every other law and ordinance, whereby the State of Arkansas became a member of the Federal Union, be, and the same are hereby, in all respects and for every purpose herewith consistent, repealed, abrogated, and fully set aside; and the union now subsisting between the State of Arkansas and the other States, under the name of the United States of America, is hereby forever dissolved. Declaration of the Causes of Secession, Georgia January 29, 1861 The people of Georgia having dissolved their political connection with the Government of the United States of America, present to their confederates and the world the causes which have led to the separation. The American Battlefield Trust is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization. Elsewhere, the Delaware legislature quickly, firmly rejected secession despite targeted lobbying from states intending to secede. Faust, Patricia L. (Patricia L. Faust ed.). The second phase of secession occurred after the attack on Fort Sumter. Alabama, in February 1861. ________________________________________ALABAMA be a Sovereign and Independent State. We, the people of the State of Florida, in convention assembled, do solemnly ordain, publish, and declare, That the State of Florida hereby withdraws herself from the confederacy of States existing under the name of the United States of America and from the existing Government of the said States; and that all political connection between her and the Government of said States ought to be, and the same is hereby, totally annulled, and said Union of States dissolved; and the State of Florida is hereby declared a sovereign and independent nation; and that all ordinances heretofore adopted, in so far as they create or recognize said Union, are rescinded; and all laws or parts of laws in force in this State, in so far as they recognize or assent to said Union, be, and they are hereby, repealed. 1861, Library of Congress Act I documents (Attached) (From "Alabama Will Secede," "Alabama Out of the Union," "The Secession Jubilee," and "Alabama's Ordinance of Secession." The first three are articles published in the Montgomery Advertiser. The Crittendon Compromise (1860) USA Census 1860. langdon hall east alabama male college (later auburn Skip to document Ask an Expert States and people of the Northern section, is a political wrong of so insulting Florida's Ordinance of Secession . The hysteria quickly spread throughout the state, as 100 cannon were fired in Mobile and a Federal judge yelled out his courtroom window that the U.S. Court for the South District of Alabama was adjourned forever. One Alabaman, mocking President-elect Lincolns Eminence as a Rail Splitter, wrote to him asking if he could recommend wood to use in fencing in my South Carolina Georgia Alabama Mississippi Louisiana and Florida Lands., After approving secession, the convention delegates went one step further by passing a resolution inviting delegates from other southern states to come to Alabama: In order to frame a revisional as a permanent Government, the people of the States of Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, Tennessee, Kentucky and Missouri, be and they are hereby invited to meet the people of the State of Alabama, by their delegates in convention, on the 4th day of February next in Montgomery.. ________________________________________GEORGIA and harmonious action in whatever measures may be deemed most desirable for our Beyond Virginia, effective secession in most of a state could critically destabilize or virtually eliminate state government control over a region where people strongly rejected secession and favored the Union, such as East Tennessee and other areas. This edition is from Ordinances and Constitution of the State of Alabama (1861). Section 2. Alabama was the fourth state to secede from the Union on January 11, 1861. "Our position is thoroughly identified with the institution of slavery--the greatest material interest of the world," members declared. Copyright 2023 The Dorothy Tapper Goldman Foundation. from West Virginia University in 2012 and her B.A. . Declarations of Causes of Seceding States - South . It represents the turmoil that states in the Upper South faced when picking sides during the war. Alabama Ordinance of Secession of 1861. ________________________________________KENTUCKY I was able to analyze four secession documents written by states: South Carolina . Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia,. The People of Alabama. the "free labor" interests of the North that culminated in secession and civil war. When it was over, 166 had voted for secession and 8 against. In 1863, forty-eight northwestern Unionist counties seceded from . Before a packed house, a secession ordinance was introduced and passed by vote of sixty-five to five. Lincoln's 1st Inaugural Address (1861) Ordinances of Secession. That so much of the first section of the seventh article of the constitution of this State as requires members of the Legislature and all officers, executive and judicial, to take an oath or affirmation to support the Constitution of the United States be, and the same is hereby, abrogated and annulled. The President appointed as the Committe of Fifteen to prepare Ordinance of Secession: L. Q. C. Lamar, of Lafayette; A. M. Clayton, of Marshall; G. R. Clayton, of Lowndes; Alfred C. Holt, of Wilkinson; Wiley P. Harris, of Hinds; J. Despite these preliminary maneuvers, the convention that opened on the 7th included fewer diehard secessionists than in other Deep South state conventions. July 26, 2018. the people of the States of Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South The issues of secession are complex and it is very true that not every soldier who went to war had slavery in mind as a motivation. If you have trouble accessing this page and need to request an alternate format contact ehistory@osu.edu. Be it resolved by the people of Alabama in Convention assembled. . Two of these states were in the first phase of secession: Florida (third to secede on January 10, 1861) and Louisiana (sixth to secede on January 26, 1861). In this essay, the author. Thousands from seceding states, including slaves where the opportunity arose, also chose to fight for the Union. Passed 10 Jan 1861 . The Secession Convention met in Tallahassee on January 3, 1861, and passed, on January 10, the Ordinance of Secession. That the people of the States of Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, Tennessee, Kentucky, and Missouri, be and are hereby invited to meet the people of the State of Alabama, by their Delegates, in Convention, on the fourth day of February, A. D. 1861, at the city of Montgomery, in the State of Alabama, for the purpose of consulting with each other as to the most effectual mode of securing concerted and harmonious action in whatever measures may be deemed most desirable for our common peace and security. For the South, however, slavery was much more at the forefront. The first seven seceding states, all of the Deep South, were motivated mainly by two factors: the election in November 1860 of President Lincoln, who had no support among Southern voters, and the direct threat to slavery his election posed. Join us online July 24-26! Adopted in convention at Baton Rouge this 26th day of January, 1861. While historians agree that slavery was a fundamental cause of the war and southern secession, many in the public still contest this historical interpretation. consulting with each other as to the most effectual mode of securing concerted what southern cross was waved? Every state in the Confederacy issued an "Article of Secession" declaring their break from the Union. WHEREAS, the action of the Northern States of the Union is violative of the compact between the States and the guarantees of the Constitution; and, The next four seceding states, further north, also were motivated by the same two factors, but a third and decisive factor was the Federal policy of coercion, or using military force to preserve the Union by compelling the earlier seceding states to submit. Alabama Secession Banner of 1861 (U.S.) Last modified: 2012-02-11 by rick wyatt Keywords: . In addition, Kathleen was a seasonal interpreter at Fredericksburg & Spotsylvania National Military Park from 2010-2014 and has worked on various other publications and projects. It was one of the original seven states to form the Confederacy on Read more The Declaration of Causes of Seceding States | American Battlefield To dissolve the Union between the State of Alabama and other States united under the compact styled "The Constitution of the United States of America.". 1861, at the city of Montgomery, in the State of Alabama, for the purpose of dangerous infractions of the constitution of the United States by many of the ________________________________________ARKANSAS And be it further resolved, That the President of this Convention be, and he is hereby, instructed to transmit forthwith a copy of the foregoing Preamble, Ordinance, and Resolutions to the Governors of the several States named in said resolutions. Ended the Civil War in 1865. Alabama was central to the Civil War, with the secession convention at Montgomery, birthplace of the Confederacy, inviting other states to form a Southern Republic, during January-March 1861, and develop constitutions to legally run their own affairs. Adopted January 11, 1861. This ordinance shall take effect and be an act of this day, when ratified by a majority of the voter of the people of this State cast at a poll to be taken thereon on the fourth Thursday in May next, in pursuance of a schedule hereafter to be enacted. Secession Acts of the Thirteen Confederate States. Dr. Kathleen Logothetis Thompson graduated with her Ph.D. from West Virginia University in 2017. Acknowledging the moderates contribution to the cause, diehards such as Yancey were passed over as delegates to the southern convention in favor of former Unionists such as David Peter Lewis. Moderates were also placated by a motion to continue the ban on the African slave trade. documents The Indian Removal Act called for the "voluntary or forcible removal of all Indians . ________________________________________TENNESSEE and Barbara Long), p. 25. If it was mistaken, then so am I, but it was my understanding that the early versions of the southern cross were already being introduced as the southern states began seceding. The University of Alabama Libraries Special Collections, United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865. We, the people of the State of Tennessee, waiving any expression of opinion as to the abstract doctrine of secession, but asserting the right, as a free and independent people, to alter, reform, or abolish our form of government in such manner as we think proper, do ordain and declare that all the laws and ordinances by which the State of Tennessee became a member of the Federal Union of the United States of America are hereby abrogated and annulled, and that all the rights, functions, and powers which by any of said laws and ordinances were conveyed to the Government of the United States, and to absolve ourselves from all the obligations, restraints, and duties incurred thereto; and do hereby henceforth become a free, sovereign, and independent State. Two remaining Southern states, Delaware and Maryland, rejected secession and were not regarded by either side as having seceded. The unorganized Indian Territory did not document secession and was not unanimous in its orientation, but generally supported the Confederacy. In 1860 Davis was on the Douglas electoral ticket and spoke in North Alabama in opposition to the secession movement. And as it is the desire and purpose of Whereas, our honor and our duty to posterity demand that we shall not relinquish our own liberty and shall not abandon the right of our descendants and the world to the inestimable blessings of constitutional government: Therefore, 2. In Kentucky, whose potential secession Unionists particularly feared,[4] both the legislature and public opinion firmly opposed secession. And be it further resolved, That the President of this Convention, be and is hereby instructed to transmit forthwith a copy of the foregoing Preamble, Ordinance, and Resolutions to the Governors of the several States named in said resolutions. The secession convention, recalled in special session, met again in the Old State House in Little Rock on May 6. DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE AND ORDINANCE dissolving the federal relations between the State of Tennessee and the United States of America. Many of these documents are very clear that slavery was central to their decision to leave the United States. DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE AND ORDINANCE dissolving the federal relations between the State of Tennessee and the United States of America. On February 4, 1861, delegates from six states of the deep South convened in Montgomery, Alabama to organize a provisional government for what they conceived to be a new, independent republicthe Confederate States of America. Done by the people of the C.F. Alert at Mobile. The work of the historian is based on the documents and evidence left by the actors of historical events. Adopted and passed in open convention on the 6th day of May, A.D. 1861. Had it convened, it would have been overwhelmingly pro-Union. First. Secession Ordinances of 13 Confederate States. Lewis Cass, stationed at Mobile to collect U.S. tariffs. Document to the people of Alabama from thirty-three men at the 1861 secession convention explaining why they did not sign the Ordinance of Secession. Over the next few weeks I will post the documents of secession (with annotations) issued by the eleven Confederate states and two border states who ultimately did not secede. South CarolinaMississippiFloridaAlabamaGeorgiaLouisianaTexasVirginiaArkansasNorth CarolinaTennesseeMissouriKentucky. ordained by the people of the State of Alabama in Convention assembled, That all In addition, Kathleen was a seasonal interpreter at Fredericksburg & Spotsylvania National Military Park from 2010-2014 and has worked on various other publications and projects. ). Immediately after Abraham Lincoln (1809-1861) was elected President, in November, 1860, several Southern states took steps to secede from the Union. the several States named in said resolutions. Sent to referendum 6 May 1861 by the legislature, and approved by the voters by a vote of 104,471 to 47,183 on 8 June 1861. Carolina, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, Tennessee, Every delegate was a white male owning, on average, 10 enslaved people. The new Republican Party was a purely Northern party with a platform that was anti-slavery. Whereas the Government of the United States, in the possession and under the control of a sectional party, has wantonly violated the compact originally made between said Government and the State of Missouri, by invading with hostile armies the soil of the State, attacking and making prisoners the militia while legally assembled under the State laws, forcibly occupying the State capitol, and attempting through the instrumentality of domestic traitors to usurp the State government, seizing and destroying private property, and murdering with fiendish malignity peaceable citizens, men, women, and children, together with other acts of atrocity, indicating a deep-settled hostility toward the people of Missouri and their institutions; and Stop the Largest Rezoning in Orange County History, Grant Remembers the Surrender and Victory at Vicksburg, "Rejoicing Over the Proclamation" Primary Source Questions, A Brief Overview of the American Civil War, The Gathering Storm: The Secession Crisis. We, the people of the State of Louisiana, in convention assembled, do declare and ordain, and it is hereby declared and ordained, That the ordinance passed by us in convention on the 22d day of November, in the year eighteen hundred and eleven, whereby the Constitution of the United States of America and the amendments of the said Constitution were adopted, and all laws and ordinances by which the State of Louisiana became a member of the Federal Union, be, and the same are hereby, repealed and abrogated; and that the union now subsisting between Louisiana and other States under the name of "The United States of America" is hereby dissolved. Donations to the Trust are tax deductible to the full extent allowable under the law. Sec 2. WHEREAS, The recent developments in Federal affairs make it evident that the power of the Federal Government is sought to be made a weapon with which to strike down the interests and property of the people of Texas, and her sister slave-holding States, instead of permitting it to be, as was intended, our shield against outrage and aggression; THEREFORE,SECTION 1.-- We, the people of the State of Texas, by delegates in convention assembled, do declare and ordain that the ordinance adopted by our convention of delegates on the 4th day of July, A.D. 1845, and afterwards ratified by us, under which the Republic of Texas was admitted into the Union with other States, and became a party to the compact styled "The Constitution of the United States of America," be, and is hereby, repealed and annulled; that all the powers which, by the said compact, were delegated by Texas to the Federal Government are revoked and resumed; that Texas is of right absolved from all restraints and obligations incurred by said compact, and is a separate sovereign State, and that her citizens and people are absolved from all allegiance to the United States or the government thereof. Sign up for our quarterly email series highlighting the environmental benefits of battlefield preservation. The force of events moved very quickly upon the election of Lincoln. AN ORDINANCE to repeal the ratification of the Constitution of the United State of America by the State of Virginia, and to resume all the rights and powers granted under said Constitution. That all the laws and ordinances by which the said State of Mississippi became a member of the Federal Union of the United States of America be, and the same are hereby, repealed, and that all obligations on the part of the said State or the people thereof to observe the same be withdrawn, and that the said State doth hereby resume all the rights, functions, and powers which by any of said laws or ordinances were conveyed to the Government of the said United States, and is absolved from all the obligations, restraints, and duties incurred to the said Federal Union, and shall from henceforth be a free, sovereign, and independent State. The people of Virginia in their ratification of the Constitution of the United States of America, adopted by them in convention on the twenty-fifth day of June, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-eight, having declared that the powers granted under said Constitution were derived from the people of the United States and might be resumed whensoever the same should be perverted to their injury and oppression, and the Federal Government having perverted said powers not only to the injury of the people of Virginia, but to the oppression of the Southern slave-holding States: Every purchase supports the mission. One, C. Christopher Sheats of Winston County, continued arguing against secession until he was dragged out of the hall by celebrating citizens and put in jail for the rest of the convention. One-stop destination for complete information on all trending topics related to Alabama state. Alabama Ordinance of Secession | eHISTORY, Secession Documents: Alabama Civil Discourse, The Declaration of Causes of Seceding States | American Battlefield , Alabama : Constitution of January 7, 1861 Avalon Project, THE ALABAMA CONVENTION. A majority favored immediate secession while some wanted to wait until Georgia and Alabama left first. The document contains the reasons for secession laid out by delegates of the people of Texas in Convention, and includes the names of those delegates, with O. M. Roberts, President, at the top of the list. Prior to 1861, the people of Tennessee had resisted secessionist movements, believing that the Constitution and Union of the United States were beneficial and should be preserved. in history with a Certificate in Revolutionary Era Studies from Siena College in 2010. Two other Southern states, Missouri and Kentucky, attempted secession ineffectively or only by irregular means. AN ORDINANCE to dissolve the union between the State of Mississippi and other States united with her under the compact entitled "The Constitution of the United States of America." Enter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. Done by the people of the State of Alabama, in Convention assembled, at Montgomery, on this, the eleventh day of January, A.D. 1861. Schultz, Fred L. (Patricia L. Faust ed.). 1 REEL INDEX John Fletcher Comer . Journals of the Secession Convention, 1861 Introductory Material January 1861 February 1861 March 1861 Appendices Title Page Prefatory note List of abbreviations Chronology Preface Justification for Convention Statement of Governor Houston Proposal to elect delegates Recommendations of delegates We, the people of the State of North Carolina in convention assembled, do declare and ordain, and it is hereby declared and ordained, That the ordinance adopted by the State of North Carolina in the convention of 1789, whereby the Constitution of the United States was ratified and adopted, and also all acts and parts of acts of the General Assembly ratifying and adopting amendments to the said Constitution, are hereby repealed, rescinded, and abrogated. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. And whereas, the majority of the Legislature of Kentucky have violated their most solemn pledges made before the election, and deceived and betrayed the people; have abandoned the position of neutrality assumed by themselves and the people, and invited into the State the organized armies of Lincoln; have abdicated the Government in favor of a military despotism which they have placed around themselves, but cannot control, and have abandoned the duty of shielding the citizen with their protection; have thrown upon our people and the State the horrors and ravages of war, instead of attempting to preserve the peace, and have voted men and money for the war waged by the North for the destruction of our constitutional rights; have violated the expressed words of the constitution by borrowing five millions of money for the support of the war without a vote of the people; have permitted the arrest and imprisonment of our citizens, and transferred the constitutional prerogatives of the Executive to a military commission of partisans; have seen the writ of habeus corpus suspended without an effort for its preservation, and permitted our people to be driven in exile from their homes; have subjected our property to confiscation and our persons to confinement in the penitentiary as felons, because we may choose to take part in a cause for civil liberty and constitutional government against a sectional majority waging war against the people and institutions of fifteen independent States of the old Federal Union, and have done all these things deliberately against the warnings and vetoes of the Governor and the solemn remonstrances of the minority in the Senate and House of Representatives: Therefore, Thus ordained and declared in convention the 9th day of January, in the year of our Lord 1861. They wanted to make clear that their allegiance to the state while explaining their reservations about seceding from the Union. The South went to war to preserve their societytheir economy, their social structure, their political powerall of which was built on a foundation of racial slavery. The first was the election of Abraham Lincoln to the presidency. It was one of the original seven states to form the Confederacy on February 8, 1861. This ordinance shall be submitted to the people of Texas for their ratification or rejection, by the qualified voters, on the 23rd day of February, 1861, and unless rejected by a majority of the votes cast, shall take effect and be in force on and after the 2d day of March, A.D. 1861.PROVIDED, that in the Representative District of El Paso said election may be held on the 18th day of February, 1861.
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